Child Trafficking Romania to Great Britain ©Alan Evans

1989 AND ALL THAT The Children’s Act was passed in 1989 in the U.K. signalling major changes for children and children’s services. 1989 was also the year that Nicolae Ceausescu was executed and the World saw the terrible conditions in which children were living in orphanages.

The Children’s Act was passed in 1989 in the U.K. signalling major changes for children and children’s services. 1989 was also the year that Nicolae Ceausescu was executed and the World saw the terrible conditions in which children were living in orphanages.

Malnutrition

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES? I have worked in childcare settings in the U.K. and Romania and had many similar experiences in both countries despite the cultural differences. People loved their children. People worked hard to get on in life. People aspired to improve their environment.

I have worked in childcare settings in the U.K. and Romania and had many similar experiences in both countries despite the cultural differences. People loved their children. People worked hard to get on in life. People aspired to improve their environment.

Dehydration & Neglect

WHICH IS BEST, EAST OR WEST? These differences were measured from my own cultural experiences living predominantly in the West, the U.K. By this measure I also noted that there were high levels of poverty and deprivation. Health and social care were particularly poor. These views could be described as ethnocentric.

These differences were measured from my own cultural experiences living predominantly in the West, the U.K. By this measure I also noted that there were high levels of poverty and deprivation. Health and social care were particularly poor. These views could be described as ethnocentric.

Cultural Differences

R U ETHNOCENTRIC? Ethnocentrism has been defined as the tendency to view one’s own culture as best and to judge the behaviour and beliefs of culturally different people by one’s own standards Sanders, B. (2008), European Children

Ethnocentrism has been defined as

the tendency to view one’s own culture as best and to judge the behaviour and beliefs of culturally different people by one’s own standards

Sanders, B. (2008), European Children

STATE INTERVENTION There was a mute acceptance from the Romanian people themselves. Romanians living under Ceausescu were convinced that if they could not afford the children the regime rewarded them the state would look after them in any number of institutions. The child had very little choice in the matter. The State in this instance was dictating to the family.

There was a mute acceptance from the Romanian people themselves. Romanians living under Ceausescu were convinced that if they could not afford the children the regime rewarded them the state would look after them in any number of institutions. The child had very little choice in the matter. The State in this instance was dictating to the family.

Abandonment

WARDS OF STATE The children became wards of state and were cared for in two types of institutions. Children of less than four years were placed in orphanages. Those who were chronically ill were placed in dystrophic centres. People worked long hours for very poor pay in these institutions.

The children became wards of state and were cared for in two types of institutions. Children of less than four years were placed in orphanages. Those who were chronically ill were placed in dystrophic centres. People worked long hours for very poor pay in these institutions.

What’s Happening Here?

Confinement

INFECTED BLOOD During the 1980’s many infants were born with low birth weight or soon after became malnourished. Children were given blood transfusions in the belief that this would stimulate their immune systems. The blood was infected and children became HIV positive.

During the 1980’s many infants were born with low birth weight or soon after became malnourished. Children were given blood transfusions in the belief that this would stimulate their immune systems. The blood was infected and children became HIV positive.

Prejudice

THE WEST INTERVENES Criticism of Ceaucescu’s regime and tyrannical policies grew in western and Eastern European countries. This led to a resolution calling for an inquiry into alleged human rights abuses in Romania. It was adopted in Geneva on the 9th of March 1989. Deletant, D. (2009). www.php.isn.ethz.ch

Criticism of Ceaucescu’s regime and tyrannical policies grew in western and Eastern European countries. This led to a resolution calling for an inquiry into alleged human rights abuses in Romania. It was adopted in Geneva on the 9th of March 1989.

Deletant, D. (2009). www.php.isn.ethz.ch

The Shock Factor What we found was beyond any experience we had been exposed to in our own culture. Sights, sounds and smells assaulted the senses. My hair stood up on end when I entered one of the wards.

What we found was beyond any experience we had been exposed to in our own culture.

Sights, sounds and smells assaulted the senses. My hair stood up on end when I entered one of the wards.

A celebrity speaks out In a country starved of the basic commodities of life, paralyzed by a political climate of fear and corruption, thousands of children, abandoned at birth, emerged into the world at the very bottom of the heap. Their birthright was not a life, merely an existence. Resources were so depleted that in the worst cases children were confined to their cots for years, kept alive on a diet of powdered milk. All were deprived of that most essential form of human nourishment…………….love Harrison, O. (2009). www.raa.ro

In a country starved of the basic commodities of life, paralyzed by a political climate of fear and corruption, thousands of children, abandoned at birth, emerged into the world at the very bottom of the heap. Their birthright was not a life, merely an existence. Resources were so depleted that in the worst cases children were confined to their cots for years, kept alive on a diet of powdered milk. All were deprived of that most essential form of human nourishment…………….love

Harrison, O. (2009). www.raa.ro

1989 - 2009 There are approximately 100,000 children in the institutions of Romania today. Almost the same number as there were in 1989. So why hasn’t there been any progress? The traditional opinion in Romania is that the state looks after children. There are still thousands of children living on the streets. There are a number of child protection issues which arise from the widespread abuse of these children. What has it got to do with me in the U.K.?

There are approximately 100,000 children in the institutions of Romania today. Almost the same number as there were in 1989. So why hasn’t there been any progress? The traditional opinion in Romania is that the state looks after children. There are still thousands of children living on the streets. There are a number of child protection issues which arise from the widespread abuse of these children. What has it got to do with me in the U.K.?

HOW DOES IT AFFECT ME IN THE U.K.? Children are being trafficked and sold for prostitution in the U.K. These children are being housed in all areas of the U.K. from large cities to remote rural communities. ITN news uncovered the trade of selling children in Romania. ITN News, (2006), uk.youtube.com/watch?v=FWKQNMZa--Y&NR=1

Children are being trafficked and sold for prostitution in the U.K. These children are being housed in all areas of the U.K. from large cities to remote rural communities. ITN news uncovered the trade of selling children in Romania.

ITN News, (2006), uk.youtube.com/watch?v=FWKQNMZa--Y&NR=1

Social Exclusion It has been argued that social exclusion exists in most modern societies and that children and families with children are economically disadvantaged as compared to adults or families without children. Sanders, B. (2008) European Children

It has been argued that social exclusion exists in most modern societies and that children and families with children are economically disadvantaged as compared to adults or families without children.

Sanders, B. (2008) European Children

Online Abuse T The internet plays many parts in cross-cultural issues of child abuse and neglect. There are growing numbers of Internet sites, which act as a platform for the sex traffickers, and the opponents of sex trafficking.

T The internet plays many parts in cross-cultural issues of child abuse and neglect. There are growing numbers of Internet sites, which act as a platform for the sex traffickers, and the opponents of sex trafficking.

The Internet could be considered in another view of globalisation, which sees it as a process in a world in which time and space have become compressed because of the operation of modern transport, communications and the increasing internationalisation of economic activity. Thus, actions in one part of the globe have consequences elsewhere. Sanders, B. (2008), The Child The Family And The State

The Internet could be considered in another view of globalisation, which sees it as

a process in a world in which time and space have become compressed because of the operation of modern transport, communications and the increasing internationalisation of economic activity. Thus, actions in one part of the globe have consequences elsewhere.

Sanders, B. (2008), The Child The Family And The State

How Are We Doing In The U.K.? The Innocenti report suggests that two children under the age of 15 die from abuse in the UK each week. Nearly 3,500 children under 15 die from abuse (including neglect) every year in the industrialised world, with the youngest children most at risk.

The Innocenti report suggests that two children under the age of 15 die from abuse in the UK each week. Nearly 3,500 children under 15 die from abuse (including neglect) every year in the industrialised world, with the youngest children most at risk.

Unequal Childhoods Sex trafficking has been attributed to uneven distribution of wealth. The Dutch researcher Sietske Altink suggests that trafficking has become a global problem in the last seven years. Sietske suggests more and more countries are joining the ranks of sending countries and increasing numbers are becoming target countries and that economic hardships and their consequences for women create a potential supply of workers for the sex industry. But this supply would never be used for sex trafficking purposes without the creation of demand. Nikolic-Ristanovic, V, 2001,

Sex trafficking has been attributed to uneven distribution of wealth. The Dutch researcher Sietske Altink suggests that trafficking has become a global problem in the last seven years. Sietske suggests

more and more countries are joining the ranks of sending countries and increasing numbers are becoming target countries and that economic hardships and their consequences for women create a potential supply of workers for the sex industry. But this supply would never be used for sex trafficking purposes without the creation of demand.

Nikolic-Ristanovic, V, 2001,

The Global Community McGrew describes globalisation as ‘those processes, operating on a social scale, which cut across national boundaries, integrating and connecting communities and organisations in new space-time combinations, making the world in reality, and in experience more interconnected’ . Sanders, B. (2009) The child, the family and the state: a cross-cultural examination

McGrew describes globalisation as ‘those processes, operating on a social scale, which cut across national boundaries, integrating and connecting communities and organisations in new space-time combinations, making the world in reality, and in experience more interconnected’ .

Sanders, B. (2009) The child, the family and the state: a cross-cultural examination

The U.S.-based International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC) Operate a new 24-hour call centre to receive and manage reports of missing and sexually exploited children; Establish networks within Romanian stakeholders who work to report and solve cases involving missing and sexually exploited children; Facilitate communications and coordination with similar centres throughout the world; Establish a system to monitor and track cases; Develop a national network of volunteers that will be trained and utilized in search operations; Provide technical assistance to professionals who interact with children and their families to be responsive to the special needs of victim children and their families; Increase public education and awareness about the issues of missing and exploited children through media campaigns, conferences, workshops and other events; and Establish a monitoring system to help prevent children from becoming victims of Internet child pornography. National Mandate Mission, http://www.icmec.org/missingkids

The U.S.-based International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC)

Operate a new 24-hour call centre to receive and manage reports of missing and sexually exploited children;

Establish networks within Romanian stakeholders who work to report and solve cases involving missing and sexually exploited children;

Facilitate communications and coordination with similar centres throughout the world;

Establish a system to monitor and track cases;

Develop a national network of volunteers that will be trained and utilized in search operations;

Provide technical assistance to professionals who interact with children and their families to be responsive to the special needs of victim children and their families;

Increase public education and awareness about the issues of missing and exploited children through media campaigns, conferences, workshops and other events; and

Establish a monitoring system to help prevent children from becoming victims of Internet child pornography.

National Mandate Mission, http://www.icmec.org/missingkids

The role of the internet Websites have been set up in romania which promote anti trafficking of women and children. A helpline and website has been established for children to report abuse and neglect. Telefonulcopilului,(2009), www. telefonulcopilului . ro Trafficker http://uk.youtube.com /watch ?v=PsM82hF5PrYs

Websites have been set up in romania which promote anti trafficking of women and children. A helpline and website has been established for children to report abuse and neglect.

Telefonulcopilului,(2009), www. telefonulcopilului . ro

Trafficker http://uk.youtube.com /watch ?v=PsM82hF5PrYs

Solutions Online The World Bank uses YouTube to portray some human investment schemes in Romania. The World Bank is involved in funding projects which enable people within communities around the world begin to develop solutions, which may lift them out of poverty. Ref: World Bank, 2008, Romanian Orphans, http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=ezD66IOqlEQ&NR=1

The World Bank uses YouTube to portray some human investment schemes in Romania. The World Bank is involved in funding projects which enable people within communities around the world begin to develop solutions, which may lift them out of poverty.

Ref: World Bank, 2008, Romanian Orphans, http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=ezD66IOqlEQ&NR=1

The Innocenti report suggests that two children under the age of 15 die from abuse in the UK each week. Nearly 3,500 children under 15 die from abuse (including neglect) every year in the industrialised world, with the youngest children most at risk.

The Innocenti report suggests that two children under the age of 15 die from abuse in the UK each week. Nearly 3,500 children under 15 die from abuse (including neglect) every year in the industrialised world, with the youngest children most at risk.

In conclusion, the conditions in Romania may have improved as a result of their move into the European Union. There has been an ethnocentric attitude prevalent within Romanian society even with the failings and systematic institutionalised abuse of children in orphanages. The efforts of NGO’s in the UK and in Romania although sometimes misplaced and misguided do continue to contribute towards the prevention of child abuse and neglect. The awful conditions that children endure often spurs people to act at a local, national or international level. It is argued that assessing the child abuse in any country is a major undertaking. Sanders, B. 2008, Child Protection Cross Cultural, Lecture Notes

In conclusion, the conditions in Romania may have improved as a result of their move into the European Union. There has been an ethnocentric attitude prevalent within Romanian society even with the failings and systematic institutionalised abuse of children in orphanages. The efforts of NGO’s in the UK and in Romania although sometimes misplaced and misguided do continue to contribute towards the prevention of child abuse and neglect. The awful conditions that children endure often spurs people to act at a local, national or international level. It is argued that assessing the child abuse in any country is a major undertaking.

Sanders, B. 2008, Child Protection Cross Cultural, Lecture Notes

The high profile cases of abuse and neglect in the UK such as those of Maria Colwell, Victoria Climbie, James Bulger and more recently Baby P, do not paint a very good picture of the UK to those living in other countries. The images of the Romanian children abandoned in orphanages are equally disturbing. The media plays its part in bringing some of these to our attention. The media attention on high profile cases in the UK may have played some part in forcing the government to make changes. The government has been moved to establish a new and more ordered social work profession. There has been the establishment of a regulatory agency. The General Social Care Council and the Social Care Institute for Excellence. These establishments are aimed at promoting higher standards of practice.

The high profile cases of abuse and neglect in the UK such as those of Maria Colwell, Victoria Climbie, James Bulger and more recently Baby P, do not paint a very good picture of the UK to those living in other countries. The images of the Romanian children abandoned in orphanages are equally disturbing. The media plays its part in bringing some of these to our attention. The media attention on high profile cases in the UK may have played some part in forcing the government to make changes. The government has been moved to establish a new and more ordered social work profession. There has been the establishment of a regulatory agency. The General Social Care Council and the Social Care Institute for Excellence. These establishments are aimed at promoting higher standards of practice.

It is argued that there is no universally accepted standard for optimal child rearing or for the abusive and neglectful behaviours. It is also argued that child treatment like other categories of behaviour, must be defined by an aggregate of individuals, by a community or cultural group, to be meaningful .’

It is argued that there is no universally accepted standard for optimal child rearing or for the abusive and neglectful behaviours. It is also argued that child treatment like other categories of behaviour, must be defined by an aggregate of individuals, by a community or cultural group, to be meaningful .’

There are excellent cross-cultural projects already running. Organisations like the SEYPA project was designed by the London-based “European Forum for Children, Young People & Families Affected By HIV/AIDS” The organisation aims to address problems of HIV-related social exclusion faced by young people. The project was set up with five NGO partners from Southern and Eastern European countries. The project is funded by Glaxosmithkline, which allowed the project to start in 2003.

There are excellent cross-cultural projects already running. Organisations like the SEYPA project was designed by the London-based “European Forum for Children, Young People & Families Affected By HIV/AIDS” The organisation aims to address problems of HIV-related social exclusion faced by young people. The project was set up with five NGO partners from Southern and Eastern European countries. The project is funded by Glaxosmithkline, which allowed the project to start in 2003.

More importantly the project complied with policies of consulting directly with young people. This helped them to engage constructively with the problems that they encounter living with HIV. Thirty-six young people contributed to the project. The project provides ‘toolkits’ which can be used to help reduce social exclusion relating to HIV/AIDS.

More importantly the project complied with policies of consulting directly with young people. This helped them to engage constructively with the problems that they encounter living with HIV. Thirty-six young people contributed to the project. The project provides ‘toolkits’ which can be used to help reduce social exclusion relating to HIV/AIDS.

The media reports of young children smuggled into the UK to steal on the streets of London has brought child protection issues of Romanian children to our front doorstep. Globalisation, a £50 bus service from Bucharest to London has seen a rise in families leaving Romania and often leaving their children in search of employment. There are a number of cross-cultural issues, which arise from this practice, which will need to be addressed, by the UK and Romanian authorities.

The media reports of young children smuggled into the UK to steal on the streets of London has brought child protection issues of Romanian children to our front doorstep. Globalisation, a £50 bus service from Bucharest to London has seen a rise in families leaving Romania and often leaving their children in search of employment. There are a number of cross-cultural issues, which arise from this practice, which will need to be addressed, by the UK and Romanian authorities.

The European Union report on children’s rights suggest that some of the key challenges identified are  Violence suffered by children within the family, in the community, in residential care and in other settings.  Many children continue to be placed in institutions across the EU. Alternatives such as fostering and adoption remain inadequately resourced  Trafficking of children into and between EU states to be exploited for sexual and other purposes.  Frequent violation of the rights of children who seek asylum.  Discrimination often on multiple grounds, suffered by some groups of children such as Roma or disabled children.  Child poverty and social exclusion, which has increased significantly in some EU countries during the past twenty years, with younger children facing a higher risk of relative poverty than any other group.  Developing children’s participation. Sanders, B. (2008), European Children

The European Union report on children’s rights suggest that some of the key challenges identified are

 Violence suffered by children within the family, in the community, in residential care and in other settings.

 Many children continue to be placed in institutions across the EU. Alternatives such as fostering and adoption remain inadequately resourced

 Trafficking of children into and between EU states to be exploited for sexual and other purposes.

 Frequent violation of the rights of children who seek asylum.

 Discrimination often on multiple grounds, suffered by some groups of children such as Roma or disabled children.

 Child poverty and social exclusion, which has increased significantly in some EU countries during the past twenty years, with younger children facing a higher risk of relative poverty than any other group.

 Developing children’s participation.

Sanders, B. (2008), European Children

Globalisation has also contributed to the ease in which children can be exploited for sexual or economic purposes in Romania and the UK. The time has come where a local authority in a rural community in the UK has to consider cross-cultural issues around child abuse and neglect of children in their own homes and children in public care.

Globalisation has also contributed to the ease in which children can be exploited for sexual or economic purposes in Romania and the UK. The time has come where a local authority in a rural community in the UK has to consider cross-cultural issues around child abuse and neglect of children in their own homes and children in public care.

A series of papers published by The Lancet medical journal in collaboration with the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health have published a series of papers which point towards the unseen sufferings of an estimated 1 million children a year in the UK. The report suggests that teachers and other professionals have a fear of reporting neglect or abuse. The fear is that the children may be worse of if taken away and placed in a home. A key finding from the Baby P case was that there was a lack of communication and sharing of suspicions by professionals.

A series of papers published by The Lancet medical journal in collaboration with the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health have published a series of papers which point towards the unseen sufferings of an estimated 1 million children a year in the UK. The report suggests that teachers and other professionals have a fear of reporting neglect or abuse. The fear is that the children may be worse of if taken away and placed in a home. A key finding from the Baby P case was that there was a lack of communication and sharing of suspicions by professionals.

The Lancet editor Dr. Richard Horton suggests that the extent of the risk factors and consequences of child maltreatment, which are of such complexity that any attempt to apportion blame or think there is a simple solution to this issue is to completely misrepresent the extent and depth of the problem’. Dr Horton argues that the series of papers ‘will unfortunately not halt the blight of child abuse, because the phenomenon is too common, too surreptitious and too deeply rooted in deprivation and other social ills - but we nonetheless hope to raise awareness of the scientific evidence that is available, and indeed essential, to guide paediatricians and other professionals in their practice with children who might have been abused and to help bring a new logic and clarity to public debate about this contentious area’. Boseley, S. 2008, One In Ten Children Suffer Abuse Say Experts,

The Lancet editor Dr. Richard Horton suggests that the extent of the risk factors and consequences of child maltreatment, which are of such complexity that any attempt to apportion blame or think there is a simple solution to this issue is to completely misrepresent the extent and depth of the problem’.

Dr Horton argues that the series of papers ‘will unfortunately not halt the blight of child abuse, because the phenomenon is too common, too surreptitious and too deeply rooted in deprivation and other social ills - but we nonetheless hope to raise awareness of the scientific evidence that is available, and indeed essential, to guide paediatricians and other professionals in their practice with children who might have been abused and to help bring a new logic and clarity to public debate about this contentious area’.

Boseley, S. 2008, One In Ten Children Suffer Abuse Say Experts,

Sanders, B. 2008, Child Protection – Cross Cultural, Lecture Notes 2 Harrison, O. 2009, www.raa.ro 3 Deletant, D. 2009, Romania 1943-1989 A historical Overview, www.php.isn.ethz.ch 4 ITN News, 2006, Romanian Orphanages, uk.youtube.com/watch?v=FWKQNMZa--Y&NR=1 5 Sanders, B. 2008, European Children, Lecture Notes 6 Journeymanpictures, 2007, Lost Children – Romania, http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=VDR5xpLEx-U&feature=related 7 Cameron, P. 2008, Stella’s House, http:// blog . philip - cameron .org/2008/05/26/143/ 8 Sanders, B. 2008,The Child, The Family And The State: A Cross-Cultural Examination, Lecture Notes. 9 Idebate, 2007, Making A Living, http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=gycjrNjtgnw 0 Carmarthenboy, 2008, Romanian Children, http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=SbCyH3Y6Tm4&feature=channel_page 1 Idebate, 2007, Horizon, http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=Vn1sVQbEyMk 2 World Bank, 2008, Romanian Orphans, http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=ezD66IOqlEQ&NR=1 3 Unicef, 2007, Children Residential Reform In Moldova, http:// uk . youtube .com/watch?v=CI6C0i3kYOc&feature=related 4 Canee.net, 2009, Romania, http://www. canee .net/ romania 5 Telefonulcopilului, 2009, www. telefonulcopilului . ro 6 Trafficker, http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=PsM82hF5PrYs 7 Aldeadle, 2007, Stop Human Traffiking, http:// uk . youtube .com/watch?v= lM -mCb6RloU

Sanders, B. 2008, Child Protection – Cross Cultural, Lecture Notes

2 Harrison, O. 2009, www.raa.ro

3 Deletant, D. 2009, Romania 1943-1989 A historical Overview, www.php.isn.ethz.ch

4 ITN News, 2006, Romanian Orphanages, uk.youtube.com/watch?v=FWKQNMZa--Y&NR=1

5 Sanders, B. 2008, European Children, Lecture Notes

6 Journeymanpictures, 2007, Lost Children – Romania, http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=VDR5xpLEx-U&feature=related

7 Cameron, P. 2008, Stella’s House, http:// blog . philip - cameron .org/2008/05/26/143/

8 Sanders, B. 2008,The Child, The Family And The State: A Cross-Cultural Examination, Lecture Notes.

9 Idebate, 2007, Making A Living, http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=gycjrNjtgnw

0 Carmarthenboy, 2008, Romanian Children, http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=SbCyH3Y6Tm4&feature=channel_page

1 Idebate, 2007, Horizon, http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=Vn1sVQbEyMk

2 World Bank, 2008, Romanian Orphans, http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=ezD66IOqlEQ&NR=1

3 Unicef, 2007, Children Residential Reform In Moldova, http:// uk . youtube .com/watch?v=CI6C0i3kYOc&feature=related

4 Canee.net, 2009, Romania, http://www. canee .net/ romania

5 Telefonulcopilului, 2009, www. telefonulcopilului . ro

6 Trafficker, http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=PsM82hF5PrYs

7 Aldeadle, 2007, Stop Human Traffiking, http:// uk . youtube .com/watch?v= lM -mCb6RloU

8 Lexiiluvzu, 2007, Human Traffiking, Global Effects, http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=iDJ9h_o1mWc 9 ICMEC, National Mandate Mission, http://www.icmec.org/missingkids 20 BBC News Online, 2007, Child Abuse Websites Worsening, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7059290.stm 2 Nikolic-Ristanovic, V, 2001, Sex Traffiking: The Impact Of War Militarism & Globalisation In Eastern Europe, www. globalizacija .com/doc_en/e0058sim. htm 22 Madslien, J. 2005, Sex Trade Reliant On Forced Labour, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4532617.stm 23 SvetlanaLoboda, 2007, Anti Traffiking Of Woman: commercial, http:// uk . youtube .com/watch?v=tPgJef9UqWg&feature=related 24 Sanders, B. 2008, The Child The Family And The State, Lecture notes 25 Kelley, T & Reid, S. 2008, Image, http://www. dailymail .co. uk /news/article-482557/Romanians-living-UK-carry-1-000-crimes-months.html 26 Kelley, T & Reid, S. 2008, http://www. dailymail .co. uk /news/article-510100/Revealed-How-Romanian-pickpocket-gangs-building-palaces-home-child-slave-labour.html 27 Leppard, D. 2008, Fagin’s Army Of Romanian Children Earns Gang Millions In UK, www.timesonline.co.uk 28 McSmith, A. 2002, Scandal Of Britain’s Neglected children, www.independent.co. uk /news/ uk /home-news/scandal-of- britains -neglected-children-613944.html 29 Unicef, 2003, Child Deaths From Abuse In UK Could Be Double Official Records, 2003, http://www. unicef .org. uk /press/news_detail.asp?news_id=180 30 BBC News, Timeline: Victoria Climbie, http://news. bbc .co. uk /1/hi/ uk /2062590. stm 3 Dickson, N. 2002, Climbie: Legacy Of An Inquiry, http://news. bbc .co. uk /1/hi/ england /2580493. stm 32 Sanders, B. 2008, Child Protection Cross Cultural, Lecture Notes 33 Ibid 34 Sanders, B. 2008, European Children, Lecture Notes 35 Boseley, S. 2008, One In Ten Children Suffer Abuse Say Experts, www.guardian.co. uk /society/2008/ dec /03/child-abuse-lancet-baby-p

8 Lexiiluvzu, 2007, Human Traffiking, Global Effects, http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=iDJ9h_o1mWc

9 ICMEC, National Mandate Mission, http://www.icmec.org/missingkids

20 BBC News Online, 2007, Child Abuse Websites Worsening, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7059290.stm

2 Nikolic-Ristanovic, V, 2001, Sex Traffiking: The Impact Of War Militarism & Globalisation In Eastern Europe, www. globalizacija .com/doc_en/e0058sim. htm

22 Madslien, J. 2005, Sex Trade Reliant On Forced Labour, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4532617.stm

23 SvetlanaLoboda, 2007, Anti Traffiking Of Woman: commercial, http:// uk . youtube .com/watch?v=tPgJef9UqWg&feature=related

24 Sanders, B. 2008, The Child The Family And The State, Lecture notes

25 Kelley, T & Reid, S. 2008, Image, http://www. dailymail .co. uk /news/article-482557/Romanians-living-UK-carry-1-000-crimes-months.html

26 Kelley, T & Reid, S. 2008, http://www. dailymail .co. uk /news/article-510100/Revealed-How-Romanian-pickpocket-gangs-building-palaces-home-child-slave-labour.html

27 Leppard, D. 2008, Fagin’s Army Of Romanian Children Earns Gang Millions In UK, www.timesonline.co.uk

28 McSmith, A. 2002, Scandal Of Britain’s Neglected children, www.independent.co. uk /news/ uk /home-news/scandal-of- britains -neglected-children-613944.html

29 Unicef, 2003, Child Deaths From Abuse In UK Could Be Double Official Records, 2003, http://www. unicef .org. uk /press/news_detail.asp?news_id=180

30 BBC News, Timeline: Victoria Climbie, http://news. bbc .co. uk /1/hi/ uk /2062590. stm

3 Dickson, N. 2002, Climbie: Legacy Of An Inquiry, http://news. bbc .co. uk /1/hi/ england /2580493. stm

32 Sanders, B. 2008, Child Protection Cross Cultural, Lecture Notes

33 Ibid

34 Sanders, B. 2008, European Children, Lecture Notes

35 Boseley, S. 2008, One In Ten Children Suffer Abuse Say Experts, www.guardian.co. uk /society/2008/ dec /03/child-abuse-lancet-baby-p