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Satellite Communications
Topics of Presentation


                      Intro
                                       Lunching




Applications
                     Satellites

                              How it
                              works
         Frequency
           Bands
What are Communication Satellites?
 • A satellite is an object that orbits another large object like
 planet.


 • A communication satellite is a station in space that is used for
 telecommunication, radio and television signals.


 • The first satellite with radio transmitter was in 1957.


 •Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled
 systems. Satellite subsystems attend many tasks, such as
 power generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude
 control and orbit control.
INTRODUCTION
• Satellite is a microwave repeater in the
  space.
• There are about 750 satellite in the
  space, most of them are used for
  communication.
• They are:
  – Wide area coverage of the earth’s surface.
  – Transmission delay is about 0.3 sec.
  – Transmission cost is independent of distance.
Launching Of A Satellite
•   In spaceflight, a launch vehicle or carrier rocket is
    a rocket used to carry a payload from the Earth's surface
    into outer space.

•   A launch system includes the launch vehicle, the launch
    pad and other infrastructure.

•   the payload is an artificial satellite placed into orbit, but some
    spaceflights aresub-orbital while others
    enable spacecraft to escape Earth orbit entirely.

•   A launch vehicle which carries its payload on a suborbital
    trajectory is often called a sounding rocket
• A Russian Soyuz
  lifts off from the
  Baikonur
  Cosmodrome in
  Kazakhstan
  heading for the ISS
Lunching Satellites

• How does a satellite stay in it’s orbit?
HOW DO SATELLITES WORK
•   Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio
    broadcast but are too far away to use conventional means.

•   The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for their
    communication

•   One Earth Station sends a transmission to the satellite. This is
    called a Uplink.

•   The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it
    down to the second earth station. This is called a Downlink.
HOW SATELLITES ARE USED
•   Service Types
      Fixed Service Satellites (FSS)
         • Example: Point to Point Communication

     Broadcast Service Satellites (BSS)
       • Example: Satellite Television/Radio
       • Also called Direct Broadcast Service (DBS).

     Mobile Service Satellites (MSS)
       • Example: Satellite Phones
SATELLIE ORBITS
• Satellite Orbits
    GEO

    LEO

    MEO

    MOLNIYA

    HAP
Geostationary orbits
• What are them?
  -These satellites are in orbit 35,863 km above the earth’s surface along
  the equator.
  -Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the earth at the same
  speed as the earth rotates. This means GEO satellites remain in the
  same position relative to the surface of earth.

• When was the first use?
 The first truly geostationary satellite was the SYNCOM3 in 1964.
GEO (cont.)
• Advantages
   A GEO satellite’s distance from earth gives it a large
    coverage area, almost a fourth of the earth’s surface.

   GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a particular area.

   These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast and other
    multipoint applications.
GEO (cont.)
• Disadvantages
   A GEO satellite’s distance also cause it to have both a
    comparatively weak signal and a time delay in the signal,
    which is bad for point to point communication.

   GEO satellites, centered above the equator, have difficulty
    broadcasting signals to near polar regions
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
• What are them?
    -A MEO satellite is in orbit somewhere between 8,000 km and
    18,000 km above the earth’s surface.

    -MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in functionality.

    -MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time than
    LEO satellites, usually between 2 to 8 hours.

    -MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO
    satellites.
•   When was the first use?
MEO (cont.)
• Advantage
   A MEO satellite’s longer duration of visibility and wider
    footprint means fewer satellites are needed in a MEO
    network than a LEO network.

• Disadvantage
   A MEO satellite’s distance gives it a longer time delay and
    weaker signal than a LEO satellite, though not as bad as a
    GEO satellite.
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
• What are them?
 -LEO satellites are much closer to the earth than GEO satellites,
 ranging from 500 to 1,500 km above the surface.
 -LEO satellites don’t stay in fixed position relative to the surface,
 and are only visible for 15 to 20 minutes each pass.
 -A network of LEO satellites is necessary for LEO satellites to
 be useful
• When was the first use?
LEO (cont.)
• Advantages
   A LEO satellite’s proximity to earth compared to a GEO
    satellite gives it a better signal strength and less of a time
    delay, which makes it better for point to point
    communication.

   A LEO satellite’s smaller area of coverage is less of a waste
    of bandwidth.
LEO (cont.)
• Disadvantages
   A network of LEO satellites is needed, which can be costly

   LEO satellites have to compensate for Doppler shifts cause
    by their relative movement.

   Atmospheric drag effects LEO satellites, causing gradual
    orbital deterioration.
Other Orbits
• Molniya Orbit Satellites
   Used by Russia for decades.

   Molniya Orbit is an elliptical orbit. The satellite remains in a
    nearly fixed position relative to earth for eight hours.

   A series of three Molniya satellites can act like a GEO
    satellite.

   Useful in near polar regions.
Other Orbits (cont.)
• High Altitude Platform (HAP)
   One of the newest ideas in satellite communication.

   A blimp or plane around 20 km above the earth’s surface is
    used as a satellite.

   Haps' would have very small coverage area, but would have
    a comparatively strong signal.

   Cheaper to put in position, but would require a lot of them in
    a network.
Frequency Bands

•    Three common bands:
     1) C-Band.
     2) KU-Band.
     3) KA-Band.

• Most common are C-Band & KU-Band.
• C-Band occupy 4 to 8 GHz frequency:
    - Low frequency.
    - Large antenna (2-3 meters).

• KU-Band occupy 11 to 17 GHz:
    - Large frequency.
    - Small antenna (18-inches!)
Applications

• Telephony
 - Fixed points< earth station> Satellite> earth station> fixed points.


• Televesion & Radio
 - e.g. Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) & Fixed service satellite (FFS).



• Mobile satellite technology
 - Special antenna called mobile satellite antenna.
 - No matter where or how this antenna is mounted on.
Applications

• Amateur radio
 - Access to OSCAR satellite.
 - Low earth orbits.

• Internet
  - High Speed.
  - Useful for far away places.


• Military
  - Uses geostationary satellites.
  - Example: The Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS).
Disadvantages

• The antenna noise due to energy
 - Unwanted radiation sources (stars – galaxies - …etc).
 - Worsen S/N ratio.

• Atmosphere behaves as a resistive medium
 - Supplies noise power to the antenna.


• Meteors
 - Have to be programmed to avoid any rock or any harmful thing.
 - Rules of orbits.

• Expensive
 - only for governments or large organizations.
In Conclusion


 Satellites remain the best utilization
used for communications due to their
    speed and other advantages
   mentioned in this presentation.

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Satellite communication

  • 2. Topics of Presentation Intro Lunching Applications Satellites How it works Frequency Bands
  • 3. What are Communication Satellites? • A satellite is an object that orbits another large object like planet. • A communication satellite is a station in space that is used for telecommunication, radio and television signals. • The first satellite with radio transmitter was in 1957. •Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems. Satellite subsystems attend many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude control and orbit control.
  • 4. INTRODUCTION • Satellite is a microwave repeater in the space. • There are about 750 satellite in the space, most of them are used for communication. • They are: – Wide area coverage of the earth’s surface. – Transmission delay is about 0.3 sec. – Transmission cost is independent of distance.
  • 5. Launching Of A Satellite • In spaceflight, a launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a rocket used to carry a payload from the Earth's surface into outer space. • A launch system includes the launch vehicle, the launch pad and other infrastructure. • the payload is an artificial satellite placed into orbit, but some spaceflights aresub-orbital while others enable spacecraft to escape Earth orbit entirely. • A launch vehicle which carries its payload on a suborbital trajectory is often called a sounding rocket
  • 6. • A Russian Soyuz lifts off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan heading for the ISS
  • 7. Lunching Satellites • How does a satellite stay in it’s orbit?
  • 8. HOW DO SATELLITES WORK • Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio broadcast but are too far away to use conventional means. • The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for their communication • One Earth Station sends a transmission to the satellite. This is called a Uplink. • The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it down to the second earth station. This is called a Downlink.
  • 9. HOW SATELLITES ARE USED • Service Types  Fixed Service Satellites (FSS) • Example: Point to Point Communication  Broadcast Service Satellites (BSS) • Example: Satellite Television/Radio • Also called Direct Broadcast Service (DBS).  Mobile Service Satellites (MSS) • Example: Satellite Phones
  • 10. SATELLIE ORBITS • Satellite Orbits  GEO  LEO  MEO  MOLNIYA  HAP
  • 11. Geostationary orbits • What are them? -These satellites are in orbit 35,863 km above the earth’s surface along the equator. -Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the earth at the same speed as the earth rotates. This means GEO satellites remain in the same position relative to the surface of earth. • When was the first use? The first truly geostationary satellite was the SYNCOM3 in 1964.
  • 12. GEO (cont.) • Advantages  A GEO satellite’s distance from earth gives it a large coverage area, almost a fourth of the earth’s surface.  GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a particular area.  These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast and other multipoint applications.
  • 13. GEO (cont.) • Disadvantages  A GEO satellite’s distance also cause it to have both a comparatively weak signal and a time delay in the signal, which is bad for point to point communication.  GEO satellites, centered above the equator, have difficulty broadcasting signals to near polar regions
  • 14. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) • What are them? -A MEO satellite is in orbit somewhere between 8,000 km and 18,000 km above the earth’s surface. -MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in functionality. -MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time than LEO satellites, usually between 2 to 8 hours. -MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites. • When was the first use?
  • 15. MEO (cont.) • Advantage  A MEO satellite’s longer duration of visibility and wider footprint means fewer satellites are needed in a MEO network than a LEO network. • Disadvantage  A MEO satellite’s distance gives it a longer time delay and weaker signal than a LEO satellite, though not as bad as a GEO satellite.
  • 16. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) • What are them? -LEO satellites are much closer to the earth than GEO satellites, ranging from 500 to 1,500 km above the surface. -LEO satellites don’t stay in fixed position relative to the surface, and are only visible for 15 to 20 minutes each pass. -A network of LEO satellites is necessary for LEO satellites to be useful • When was the first use?
  • 17. LEO (cont.) • Advantages  A LEO satellite’s proximity to earth compared to a GEO satellite gives it a better signal strength and less of a time delay, which makes it better for point to point communication.  A LEO satellite’s smaller area of coverage is less of a waste of bandwidth.
  • 18. LEO (cont.) • Disadvantages  A network of LEO satellites is needed, which can be costly  LEO satellites have to compensate for Doppler shifts cause by their relative movement.  Atmospheric drag effects LEO satellites, causing gradual orbital deterioration.
  • 19. Other Orbits • Molniya Orbit Satellites  Used by Russia for decades.  Molniya Orbit is an elliptical orbit. The satellite remains in a nearly fixed position relative to earth for eight hours.  A series of three Molniya satellites can act like a GEO satellite.  Useful in near polar regions.
  • 20. Other Orbits (cont.) • High Altitude Platform (HAP)  One of the newest ideas in satellite communication.  A blimp or plane around 20 km above the earth’s surface is used as a satellite.  Haps' would have very small coverage area, but would have a comparatively strong signal.  Cheaper to put in position, but would require a lot of them in a network.
  • 21. Frequency Bands • Three common bands: 1) C-Band. 2) KU-Band. 3) KA-Band. • Most common are C-Band & KU-Band. • C-Band occupy 4 to 8 GHz frequency: - Low frequency. - Large antenna (2-3 meters). • KU-Band occupy 11 to 17 GHz: - Large frequency. - Small antenna (18-inches!)
  • 22. Applications • Telephony - Fixed points< earth station> Satellite> earth station> fixed points. • Televesion & Radio - e.g. Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) & Fixed service satellite (FFS). • Mobile satellite technology - Special antenna called mobile satellite antenna. - No matter where or how this antenna is mounted on.
  • 23. Applications • Amateur radio - Access to OSCAR satellite. - Low earth orbits. • Internet - High Speed. - Useful for far away places. • Military - Uses geostationary satellites. - Example: The Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS).
  • 24. Disadvantages • The antenna noise due to energy - Unwanted radiation sources (stars – galaxies - …etc). - Worsen S/N ratio. • Atmosphere behaves as a resistive medium - Supplies noise power to the antenna. • Meteors - Have to be programmed to avoid any rock or any harmful thing. - Rules of orbits. • Expensive - only for governments or large organizations.
  • 25. In Conclusion Satellites remain the best utilization used for communications due to their speed and other advantages mentioned in this presentation.

Editor's Notes

  1. The  C band  is a name given to certain portions of the  electromagnetic spectrum , including wavelengths  of  microwaves  that are used for long-distance radio  telecommunications . The IEEE  C-band - and its slight variations - contains frequency ranges that are used for many satellite communications  transmissions, some  Wi-Fi  devices, some  cordless telephones , and some  weather radar systems . For satellite communications, the microwave frequencies of the C-band perform better under adverse weather conditions in comparison with  Ku band (11.2  GHz  to 14.5 GHz) microwave frequencies, which are used by another large set of communication satellites . [1]  The adverse weather conditions, collectively referred to as  rain fade , all have to do with moisture in the air, including rain and snow The  Ku band  (English pronunciation:  /ˌkeɪˈjuː/ ) is a portion of the  electromagnetic spectrum  in the  microwave  range of frequencies. This symbol refers to &quot;K-under&quot; (originally  German : Kurz-unten )—in other words, the band directly below the  K-band . In radar applications, it ranges from 10.95-14.5  GHz  according to the formal definition of radar frequency band nomenclature in IEEE Standard 521-2002. [1] [2] Ku band is primarily used for  satellite communications , most notably for fixed and broadcast services, and for specific applications such as  NASA &apos;s Tracking Data Relay Satellite used for both space shuttle and ISS communications. Ku band satellites are also used for backhauls and particularly for satellite from remote locations back to a televisionnetwork&apos;s studio for editing and broadcasting. The band is split into multiple segments that vary by geographical region by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). NBC was the first television network to uplink a majority of its affiliate feeds via Ku band in 1983. Some frequencies in this radio band are used for vehicle speed detection by law enforcement, especially in Europe.[3]