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   Nutritional diversity is greater in prokaryotes
    than eukaryotes
   Phototrophs-organisms that obtain energy
    from light
   Chemotrophs-those that obtain energy from
    chemicals
   Autotrophs-organisms that only require CO2
    as a carbon source
   Heterotrophs-organisms that require at least 1
    other organic nutrient to make other organic
    compounds
   Photosynthetic organisms
   Capture light energy and use it to drive the
    synthesis of organic compounds from CO2
   Ex: Cyanobacteria, plants and algae
   Also only require CO2 as a carbon source and
    oxidize inorganic substances like ammonia,
    hydrogen sulfide
   Mode of nutrition unique to certain
    prokaryotes
   Ex: Sulfolobus
   Use light energy but must get carbon in an
    organic form
   Used by some marine prokaryotes
   Ex: Rhodobacter and Chloroflexus
   Their energy source is organic compounds
    and they require organic carbon
   Many prokaryotes, fungi, animals and some
    plants use this
   Ex: Clostridium
   Obligate aerobes: use O2 for cellular
    respiration—cannot grow without it

   Facultative anaerobes: use O2 if present but
    can grow by fermentation in an anaerobic
    environment

   Obligate anaerobes: poisoned by O2; some
    live exclusively by fermentation
   Other obligate anaerobes extract chemical
    energy by anaerobic respiration—substances
    other than O2 accept electrons at the
    “downhill” end of electron transport chain
   Some prokaryotes convert atmospheric
    nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)

   This „fixed‟ nitrogen is incorporated into
    amino acids and other organic molecules
   Cooperation: working together
   Some proks can‟t use resources by
    themselves
    ◦ No specialized organelles!
   Cooperation between specialized cells
   Exchange of metabolic products
Ex. Cyanobacteria Anabaena can photosynthesis +
 nitrogen fix
  Photosynth. produce O2, inactives nitrogen fixing
   enzymes
  Live in colonies
  Most carry out photosynth., others nitrogen fix
  Heterocytes = “other cells” (nitrogen-fix)
  Heterocytes surrounded by cell wall, inhibits O2 entry
  Transport between cells

  FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS AND CELL
   SPECIALIZATION!!!!!
   Biofilm = surface-coat colonies w/ metabolic
    cooperation
   Signaling molecules
   Channels between cells allow flow of
    nutrients
   Other species can cooperate as well

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Concept 27.2

  • 2. Nutritional diversity is greater in prokaryotes than eukaryotes  Phototrophs-organisms that obtain energy from light  Chemotrophs-those that obtain energy from chemicals  Autotrophs-organisms that only require CO2 as a carbon source  Heterotrophs-organisms that require at least 1 other organic nutrient to make other organic compounds
  • 3. Photosynthetic organisms  Capture light energy and use it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2  Ex: Cyanobacteria, plants and algae
  • 4. Also only require CO2 as a carbon source and oxidize inorganic substances like ammonia, hydrogen sulfide  Mode of nutrition unique to certain prokaryotes  Ex: Sulfolobus
  • 5. Use light energy but must get carbon in an organic form  Used by some marine prokaryotes  Ex: Rhodobacter and Chloroflexus
  • 6. Their energy source is organic compounds and they require organic carbon  Many prokaryotes, fungi, animals and some plants use this  Ex: Clostridium
  • 7. Obligate aerobes: use O2 for cellular respiration—cannot grow without it  Facultative anaerobes: use O2 if present but can grow by fermentation in an anaerobic environment  Obligate anaerobes: poisoned by O2; some live exclusively by fermentation
  • 8. Other obligate anaerobes extract chemical energy by anaerobic respiration—substances other than O2 accept electrons at the “downhill” end of electron transport chain
  • 9. Some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)  This „fixed‟ nitrogen is incorporated into amino acids and other organic molecules
  • 10. Cooperation: working together  Some proks can‟t use resources by themselves ◦ No specialized organelles!  Cooperation between specialized cells  Exchange of metabolic products
  • 11. Ex. Cyanobacteria Anabaena can photosynthesis + nitrogen fix  Photosynth. produce O2, inactives nitrogen fixing enzymes  Live in colonies  Most carry out photosynth., others nitrogen fix  Heterocytes = “other cells” (nitrogen-fix)  Heterocytes surrounded by cell wall, inhibits O2 entry  Transport between cells  FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS AND CELL SPECIALIZATION!!!!!
  • 12. Biofilm = surface-coat colonies w/ metabolic cooperation  Signaling molecules  Channels between cells allow flow of nutrients  Other species can cooperate as well