Ict and telecommunications sectoral transformation and public policy agenda - Rodrigo Lima Verde Leal, Claudio de Almeida Loural (2010)

Leal et al. ICT and Telecommunications: Sectoral Transformation and Public Policy AgendaICT and Telecommunications: Sectoral Transformation and Public Policy Agenda Rodrigo Lima Verde Leal Claudio de Almeida Loural Fundação CPqD Fundação CPqD rodleal@cpqd.com.br loural@cpqd.com.brBIOGRAPHIESRodrigo Lima Verde Leal is Bachelor in Electrical Engineering with MSc in Science and Technology Policy. Currently he isa Researcher at Fundação CPqD, with experience in Information and Communication Technology, innovation managementand public policy.Claudio de Almeida Loural has a B.Sc. in Physics and M.Sc. in Materials Science. He came to Fundação CPqD as aResearcher in 1981. Since 2001 he is Innovation Planning Manager, responsible for prospective studies and R&D projectsevaluation.ABSTRACTThis paper offers insights for the elaboration of public policy to promote the development of telecommunications services inBrazil, by means of a broad summary of where it interfaces with different sectoral dimensions and a discussion at what levelit is aligned to the evolution of telecommunications services. The analysis is based on the sectoral system of innovationapproach, with the sector decomposed in three dimensions that coevolve: (i) science and technology fields; (ii) users, demandand applications; and (iii) actors, networks and institutions. It begins with an analysis of technological – convergence – andinstitutional – commercial and regulatory liberalization – transformations and its impacts on the public policy frameworkdeveloped then. Following that, the analysis turns to forecasting each dimension, in order to identify future evolutionperspectives for a set of variables. Finally, the prospective vision is compared to the current public policy framework. It isexpected from this analysis the verification of at what level this agenda is aligned to what it is foreseen as the future of thissector and in which points tensions arise.KeywordsICT, telecommunications, public policy, sectoral system of innovation.INTRODUCTIONThe Brazilian telecommunications sector has undergone deep technological and institutional transformations in the lastdecades. Some of these – digitalization and liberalization – led to the development of a new public policy framework in the1990s, but many of its elements have not changed since, despite further transformations that took place afterwards.Convergence between information technology (IT), network computing and telecommunications led to the definition of anew sector called Information and Telecommunications Technology (ICT). Its boundaries are also blurred by furtherconvergence between its products and services and those of digital content related sectors, such as mass media and consumerelectronics. This raises questions regarding whether or not that framework is still aligned to the evolution oftelecommunications services.The first section analyses two sets of transformations and its impacts on the public policy framework developed then. Thesecond section identifies current and future evolution perspectives for a set of qualitative variables. Finally, the third sectioncompares the findings from each previous section in order to verify alignment and tensions.SECTORAL TRANSFORMATION AND CURRENT PUBLIC POLICY FRAMEWORKThis section shows how the current framework was shaped by those early transformations in telecommunications, startingwith a brief explanation of the first step of the convergence between ICT – digitalization – moving on to the impact ofcommercial and regulatory liberalization on market structure and ending with the main features of the current public policyframework.Proceedings of the 4th ACORN-REDECOM Conference Brasilia, D.F., May 14-15th, 2010 21

Leal et al. ICT and Telecommunications: Sectoral Transformation and Public Policy AgendaConvergence can be understood as a process that brings together technologies involved in the development and production ofthe equipment needed to build the physical infrastructure used to provide telecommunications services and technologies thattraditionally belong to IT, network computing and consumer electronics.The first step of this convergence began to take place in the 1970s, when microelectronics dissemination and mass productionof microprocessors led the following decades to enjoy the benefits of cost reductions through telecommunications networkdigitalization (Furtado, Rego and Loural, 2005a and 2005b; Loural, Furtado, Rego and Ogushi, 2005). Telecommunicationsequipment, then, started incorporating computer technology into several functions needed for voice signalstransmission/reception, among other signals (Leal, 2008). More and more the infrastructure became software intensive (Rao,1999; TNO/IDATE, 2005; ONU, 2005), relying on embedded software (Lee, 2002), programmable networks (Zuidweg,2002) and operation and business support IT systems (Oliveira, 2004; Triple Tree, 2001).Despite this initial convergence, there was still no large intersection between telecommunications technologies and IT,considered at that time as fairly distinct economical sectors. Radio and TV broadcasting technologies still relied on analogtechnology and had no close relation to telecommunications; their corresponding services were from a different sector too –mass media. An important fact to be highlighted is that telecommunications sector infrastructure itself was, at that time,comprised of many different infrastructures, one for each given service. This meant there was a specific infrastructure neededto provide fixed telephony services, another for mobile communications, another for data and so on, each with its own set ofcorresponding technologies and market dynamics.Concerning institutional transformations, the last two decades of the 20th century were notorious for the growingliberalization of commerce between nations, of international financial flows and of investment in developing countries,reflecting not only on economics, but on cultural values, politics (ECLAC, 2002) and organizational models in firms.An important consequence of this liberalization process on the telecommunications sector was the transition from monopolyto regulated competition (CPqD, 2006). By the end of the 1990s, regulatory frameworks in most nations had turned tocompetition stimulation, privatizing and opening markets to new competitors (Fransman, 2002a and 2002b). Theproliferation of new service providers operating with flexible technologies and under less regulated environments weakenedthe belief in natural monopoly (Maeda, Amar and Gibson, 2006).Brazil adopted a competition model based on parallel infrastructures, similar to the North-American model, in which eachnetwork operator should possess its own equipment to support the services it provides. In 1997, a new bill became effective –Law no. 9.472 – “Telecommunications General Law”, which set the rules for telecommunications services commercialexploration in a regulated competition regime, allowing new entrants to compete with privatized TELEBRAS, the formermonopolistic state-owned holding that was split into a dozen of companies. This law also provided the basis for thedevelopment of a new public policy framework for telecommunications.This new framework can be summarized in a few important points. Firstly, private sector became the main responsible fortelecommunications services exploration and investment. The State should assure open, broad and fair competition, with theCommunications Ministry as the policy maker and Telecommunications Regulatory Agency – ANATEL – as the publicagency responsible for implementing policies.Secondly, different telecommunications service categories or “regimes” were created. Fixed telephony was set as the onlyone to be explored in a so-called “public regime”. Under this regime, Brazil was divided into markets, each with oneincumbent operator (recipient of a “concession”) competing with new entrants, which had “permissions” or “authorizations”to build their own parallel networks. Concessions were granted for a 25-year period and brought along universal serviceobligations, the assurance by the State that the service would not cease to exist and the reversibility of the infrastructure to theState after the concession’s expiration date. On the other hand, “permissions” and “authorizations” had less regulatoryburdens. All other telecommunications services, such as mobile telephony, fit into the “private regime”, with “permissions”and “authorizations”, but no “concessions” – except cable TV.Free-to-air TV and radio and pay-TV still kept legal idiosyncrasies. Licenses for free-to-air TV and radio exploration are notunder ANATEL’s rule and its markets were still kept under a regulatory framework developed in the early 1960s. Pay-TV isanother special case. Its exploration was regulated in 1995 with the “Cable TV Law”, when only this type of technology –coaxial cable – was taken into consideration. Cable TV license holders are not allowed to own another telecommunicationsservice license. Afterwards, other pay-TV technologies – microwave, satellite and codified ultra high frequencies (UHF) –have had specific regulations developed for each.These different regimes reflect a view at the time that fixed telephony was the most important telecommunications service forsociety and should be offered in every single location in the nation’s territory under a special “regime”. To accomplish thatProceedings of the 4th ACORN-REDECOM Conference Brasilia, D.F., May 14-15th, 2010 22

Leal et al. ICT and Telecommunications: Sectoral Transformation and Public Policy Agendagoal, incumbent operators had to comply with universalization and digitalization requirements. Regulation also created theUniversalization Fund (FUST) to foster universalization of fixed telephony where its exploration was not economicallyprofitable.Next, Internet access was not considered a telecommunications service as such, but a value-added service, limited to dial-uptechnology. On the other hand, broadband access has its own nuances in the current framework. In order to explore fixedbroadband access a company needs a Multimedia Communication Service license and has to comply with its specificregulation, but mobile broadband access is still considered a value-added service on top of a mobile telephony network,therefore excluded from the ordinary regulatory rules of its corresponding license.Along with this institutional framework, complementary federal government policies kept telecommunications apart fromother increasingly overlapping sectors, such as IT and network computing, radio and TV and consumer electronics. Fiscalincentives, for example, are granted to certain goods but not to others with increasingly similar functionalities due toconvergence. Additionally, IT has a public fund to foster its R&D initiatives, while telecommunications has another one, withits own set of rules. These and other examples are indications of the difficulties telecommunications policies may face inorder to take into account elements from other sectors to build a consistent ICT sector.In summary, technological convergence led to digitalization, cost reduction and dissemination of telecommunicationsservices throughout the last decades of the 20th century. In Brazil, this convergence still kept much of telecommunicationstechnological and business dynamics apart from IT, network computing, radio and TV and consumer electronics. This wasalso the case of telecommunications services themselves, each developing their own infrastructures and markets. This picturecan be attributed to a legal and political process that failed to grasp the fast and intense dynamics brought by ICTconvergence. Such convergence has been intensified after the late 1990s, as explained in the next section.CURRENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVESDuring and after the development of the current public policy framework, the Brazilian telecommunications sector has gonethrough further transformations that were not taken into account and many others are envisaged by literature, creating evenmore pressure for change. This section offers a collection of recent and prospective trends depicted with the help of thesectoral system of innovation approach (Malerba, 2004): (i) science and technology fields specific to the knowledge baseused in innovative activities; (ii) users, demand and application of sectoral products and services and their interaction withrelevant technologies; and (iii) actors, networks and institutions.Science and technology fieldsThe expansion of IT, Internet and corporate data networks in the 1990s consolidated the Internet Protocol (IP) family oftechnologies, which reached such a level of maturity that made possible their application into telecommunications. Due to itsmore efficient use of network resources, IP packet switching technologies – originated in network computing – gainedground over circuit switching technologies – historically used in telecommunications for voice and fax applications. Thisintensified the convergence between ICTs. On one hand, digitalization of any signal allows universal representation ofinformation, since any media can be codified into a bit sequence. On the other hand, these bits can all be manipulated in thesame way by means of IP family communication protocols. Therefore, the need for dedicated networks to each informationmode or service disappears (CPqD, 2006). In other words, an infrastructure used to provide traditional telecommunicationsservices – such as fixed telephony – also has the potential to be used to offer other digital communication services, such asInternet navigation, e-mail and TV, and vice-versa. This creates room for the convergence of different services into the sametechnological platform.Users, demand and applicationsA decade of privatized telecommunications leveraged service access (Figure 1). Fixed telephony reached its saturationaround 2001, and mobile telephony became the main form of telecommunication in Brazil, although around 80% ofsubscriptions are prepaid (Teleco, 2010). More recently, third generation (3G) mobile telephony have developed, driven byInternet access enabled handsets and data cards. In parallel, pay-TV and fixed broadband access have developed as newtelecommunications services, but still restricted to a much smaller share of the population.However, when on looks into the future, convergence (and broadband) will become an important element of the servicesbasket evolution demanded by society. Previously non existent in the telecommunications sector, new functionalities allowedby updated infrastructures are tied to content, applications, services, platforms, navigation, search and connectivity(Fransman, 2007), such as e-commerce, social networks and music and video sharing.Proceedings of the 4th ACORN-REDECOM Conference Brasilia, D.F., May 14-15th, 2010 23

Leal et al. ICT and Telecommunications: Sectoral Transformation and Public Policy Agenda 90 80 Teledensity (subscribers/100 inhabitant.) 70 Fixed telephony 60 1G/2G mobile telephony 50 Pay-TV 40 Fixed broadband 30 3G mobile telephony (handset and data card) 20 10 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Figure 1. Past evolution of telecommunication services (Teleco, 2010; Controle de Acessos do Serviço Móvel Pessoal - ANATEL)Many technological roadmaps and experts share a vision that services in the future will be available to users anywhere andanytime, choosing their device of preference (Alahuhta, Jurvansuu and Pentikäinen, 2004). A recent study (Leal, 2009)identified market trends in terms of mobility, ubiquity, capacity, cost, quality, security, interactivity and simplicity. Alongwith the growing importance of mobility, ubiquity and broadband, the other five trends are specially important because theycan be translated to user-centricity as an aspect that will grow in importance in the future evolution of telecommunicationsservices and its applications. On one hand, all those trends may be incorporated in innovative activities to develop a newservice basket, which will not be limited to traditional telecommunications services, such as telephony, but will encompass aplethora of new communication modes – voice, data and video – enjoyed anywhere, anytime and making use of a variety ofaccess means, in terms of devices and infrastructures. On the other hand, the evolution of a new service basket in Brazil isconstrained by other factors (IPEA, 2010).Firstly, the size of telecommunications services mass market and their scope are restricted by the available householdincome, since it limits the capability of a large piece of the Brazilian society to bear with the cost of services and devicesassociated to them. Internet access and PCs are present in only 1% of minimum wage households, a number that rises toaround 90% for households with over 20 minimum wages (CETIC.BR, 2009). Secondly, the capability of individual citizensto enjoy those new services is limited by low levels in basic education and ICT proficiency. Around 90% of functionalilliterates – which are 32% of the Brazilian population in 2007 – do not know how to use a computer or to access the Internet(ibid; Instituto Paulo Montenegro, 2007). Finally, demand is modulated by a yet relatively low percentage of digitallyincluded citizens and by service penetration disparities between geographical regions and urban and rural locations. Forexample, only 17% of households in the Northeast have fixed telephones, a number that rises to 49% in the Southeast.Moreover, nationwide, 40% of urban households have fixed telephones, dropping to only 15% on rural regions (ibid).Actors, networks and institutionsInvestment and explorationAs stated earlier, private sector became prime responsible for exploring and investing on telecommunications services afterlate 1990s. R$ 148 billion were invested from 1999 to 2008, with peaks in 2001 and 2008 (Figure 2). These two peaks wererelated to contractual service obligations derived from fixed and mobile telephony licenses, respectively, which required highlevels of capital investment from private service providers. More recently, fixed telephony license contracts were modified toreplace service obligations with investment in network capacity to offer broadband access to all municipalities, which is not afixed telephony service. Moreover, it is expected that in following years, private investment will keep the same levelsobserved recently, with some possible growth derived from investment in technologies required for new services, such asProceedings of the 4th ACORN-REDECOM Conference Brasilia, D.F., May 14-15th, 2010 24

Leal et al. ICT and Telecommunications: Sectoral Transformation and Public Policy Agendaoptical fiber and advanced wireless networks (Teixeira Filho, Puga, Borça Junior and Nascimento, 2009). These elementsshow a relative decline in fixed telephony as an investment driver by service providers and its replacement by wirelesscommunication and broadband access. 30 25 20 R$ (billion) 15 10 5 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Private investment BNDES financing Figure 2. Telecommunication services investment (Telebrasil and Teleco, 2009; BNDES)Federal government’s role in investment is a secondary one: (i) it finances the expansion and modernization oftelecommunications infrastructure through its development bank, BNDES, which accounts for 18% of the amount investedby the private sector between 1999 and 2008 (Figure 2); (ii) it modulates private investment by means of service obligationsstipulated in licensing contracts, more specifically in fixed and mobile telephony; and (iii) it is responsible for managing theuniversalization fund (FUST) and some public broadband access projects.CompetitionMobile telephony, the most diffused telecommunications service in Brazil, shows relative balance between service providersin terms of number of subscribers. After a decade of mergers and acquisitions, there are still seven service providers, but fourof these can be considered the big players, each with 20-30% market-share (Teleco, 2010). Although around 30% ofBrazilian municipalities have only one service provider, approximately 81% of the Brazilian population lives inmunicipalities in which there are four or five service providers (ibid).Fixed telephony reached its saturation in 2001, with a teledensity in the lower 20s since then. The two remaining localincumbent service providers have regional monopoly over their respective markets (Souto, Cavalcanti, Filho, Esteves,Carmesini and Ferreira Junior, 2009) and their presence in each other’s market is almost nonexistent. These regionalmonopolies were larger in the past, however: in 2005, incumbents had around 94% market-share, a number that dropped to80% in 2009 (Teleco, 2010), due to stiffer competition in dense urban regions.80% of pay-TV subscriptions belong to two players: a satellite operator and a cable operator (ibid). According to ANATEL,almost every municipality is served by that satellite operator, but only 467 out of over 5.000 municipalities have the option ofcable and/or MMDS competing operators. Despite that, these 467 municipalities account for half of the Brazilian population,showing that competition is in place only in dense urban regions.Despite the fact that there are over 1.300 licensees throughout Brazil, fixed Internet access is dominated by the two fixedtelephony incumbents, which compete with the same cable TV operator in their respective markets and only in denselypopulated regions. The other players account for only 14% market share (ibid).Originally incumbent fixed telephony service providers have successfully gained market dominance in fixed broadbandaccess by means of technological complementarities between the infrastructures needed for both services. They are alsointensifying diversification strategies to explore pay-TV services. Their main competitor is a merge of a long distance carrier,a mobile telephony operator and a cable company. Other companies have lower market share and usually do not operate inmore than one or two service markets.In summary, Brazilian telecommunications market structure as a whole is an oligopoly, with regional oligopolies andmonopolies depending on the specific service and region in question. Competition level is dependent on diversificationstrategies of large private groups and population density of each market.Proceedings of the 4th ACORN-REDECOM Conference Brasilia, D.F., May 14-15th, 2010 25

Leal et al. ICT and Telecommunications: Sectoral Transformation and Public Policy AgendaUniversal serviceUniversal service obligations are imposed only to licenses exploited under the “public regime”, so, in practice, only the twoincumbent service providers have to comply with universalization goals. Important to notice is the fact that even though theuniversalization fund (FUST) was created in 2000, it cannot be considered operational due to a set of regulatory constraints.Firstly, it can only be applied to a service in “public regime”, so it can only be used in fixed telephony projects. FUST issupposed to cover only the costs that cannot be recuperated commercially, but ANATEL has not yet defined how these costsare calculated. Besides that, FUST’s regulation already established a limited set of possible applications, such as in locationswith less than 100 inhabitants, shortening the range of its use. Finally, telecommunications legislation forbids direct subsidiesor differentiated offerings, such as those aiming only low income households.In mobile telephony, service coverage obligations were imposed recently to license winners of the 3G spectrum auction, butno similar features are currently in place in pay-TV or fixed broadband access licenses. Despite that, ANATEL negotiatedservice obligations for fixed broadband access capacity in all municipalities with the two fixed telephony incumbents, but theAgency has not made clear whether this investment is part of the “private regime” ruling.DISCUSSIONCurrent telecommunications public policy framework can face challenges that were not meant to exist when it was created.These challenges may come from current and future trends in different dimensions and its variables: science and technologyfields; user, demand and applications; investment and exploration regimes; competitive landscape; and universal serviceobligations. Table 1 summarizes the main elements of the two previous sections and can be used as a tool to provide insightson what level this agenda is aligned to what it is foreseen as the future of this sector and in which points tensions may arise.Any combination of two or more of those elements can be explored with the goal of finding alignment and tension. Current public policy framework x Current and future perspectives for the sector Privatization: investment and exploration are done Any communication service in any technological primarily by private sector; government’s role is platform. secondary. Saturation of fixed telephony. Regulated competition. Mobility, ubiquity, broadband and user-centricity are Different services, different regulatory regimes and becoming new imperatives. markets. Market size and scope restrained by (i) income level Fixed telephony as the service to become universal and distribution, (ii) deficiencies in basic education and a special regulatory regime for it. and proficiency in ICT and (iii) digital divide and Parallel infrastructures, one for each service provider. regional disparities. Free-to-air TV and radio have its own legal Wireless communications and broadband access as framework. investment drivers. Pay-TV and Internet access regulation is tied to Market concentration in few players. specific technologies. Competition in one service is driven by diversification Difficulties for public policy to take into account the strategies of players originally exploring other convergence between telecommunications and other services and population density. overlapping sectors. Service coverage obligations are moving towards mobility and broadband access. Table 1. Framework versus current and future perspectivesAs an example of tension, service coverage obligations moving towards mobility and broadband access challenges theprinciple of fixed telephony as the main telecommunications service to be provided universally. On the other hand, regulatedcompetition is a principle aligned to a perspective of market concentration in only a few players.Due to paper length limitation, only one source of tensions is analyzed in more depth: the rise of broadband access as anessential service, as perceived by the population, and the proliferation of Internet-based applications. Broadband accessnetworks allow users to enjoy Internet-based applications beyond traditional voice applications offered on top of a telephonyservice. The importance of those new applications are growing in such a pace that many nations are creating federal programsto expand the dissemination of broadband access (Qiang, 2009). In Brazil, this trend faces some challenges.Proceedings of the 4th ACORN-REDECOM Conference Brasilia, D.F., May 14-15th, 2010 26

Leal et al. ICT and Telecommunications: Sectoral Transformation and Public Policy AgendaFirstly, broadband networks could be potentially used as the mean to offer, with any given digital platform, all the majortelecommunications services exploited today under specific regulatory regimes – fixed and mobile telephony and pay-TV –and, why not, free-to-air TV and radio. This raises two sets of discussions. One is related to whether a single license is betterthan the current licensing model, in which different services have different regulatory regimes and markets, as a way to fostera convergent future when any communication service will be provided through any technological platform. The other refersto how the features of each regulatory regime are adequate to this future scenario, for example, in terms of license eligibility,service requirements and universal service obligations, specially when one take into consideration that the current frameworkfocus only on fixed telephony. For instance, fixed telephony license holders are not allowed to have cable TV or free-to-airTV concessions, but can have satellite TV operations. Fixed broadband access is a telecommunications service, but mobilebroadband access is a value-added service offered using mobile telephony licenses. Universal service obligations are imposedonly to fixed telephony incumbents. These are only few examples to demonstrate there is an open debate in many differentaspects.Secondly, broadband access is demanded by a growing share of the population and becomes an investment driver, but atsame time its market is oligopolistic and a large share of the population has no access to this service. Thus, political pressureis put on the government to decide whether or not the regulated competition framework in place today will be effective indriving private investment and service offerings in geographically distant or low income markets. Questions arise regardinghow to foster broadband access dissemination. Should public investment be used to foster this service, universal serviceobligations be imposed on license holders and the current universalization fund legislation be changed to allow its use forbroadband access? Should the focus be on fixed networks, as today, or should it include or be replaced by wireless networks?Questions also come forth regarding strategies from service providers. Will incumbent fixed telephony service providers keepinvesting in an infrastructure that will be given back to the government at the end of the concession? Since this infrastructureis also used to offer broadband access service – a telecommunications service provided under the “private regime”, thereforewith no such obligations – how will this service be affected by incumbents’ investment strategies near the end of their fixedtelephony concessions?Previous discussion around “any communication service in any technological platform” can be expanded to “any content inany media”. As services and applications offered on top of a broadband access service becomes very similar to those offeredby other increasingly overlapping sectors, such as mass media and digital entertainment in general, little integration betweentelecommunications and audiovisual content legal and regulatory regimes becomes a source of tensions. On one hand,telecommunication services – fixed and mobile telephony, pay-TV and fixed broadband access – and free-to-air TV and radiohave their own legal framework and actors, despite the fact audiovisual content offered by them are becoming even moresimilar in their essence. For instance, players from telecommunications sector are not allowed to broadcast radio and TV, butare more than willing too, considering most of them have pay-TV operations, but players from radio and TV broadcastingsector fear competition coming from players many times larger in terms of revenue and rely on current legislation to fightconvergence. On the other hand, mass media communication has its own legal and regulatory regime. Digital contentprovided by Internet-based applications enjoyed using an Internet access connection is not a telecommunications service, buta value-added service therefore it is not under ANATEL or the Communications Ministry jurisdiction. Tensions arise aroundtwo questions: (i) whether the value-added service concept is still adequate, considering its limiting effects regarding thepossibility of government regulation; and (ii) what effects are created regarding the legal postulate of considering Internet asessentially free and unregulated (Wimmer, Pieranti and Aranha, 2009).CONCLUSIONTwo results were derived from this research. Firstly, the paper offers a set of challenges Brazilian policy makers will face inorder comply with those trends: how broadband networks will be able to offer any service, considering each service has itsown legal and regulatory regimes; how to foster broadband access dissemination, taking into account the competitivelandscape and digital divide; how to regulate increasingly overlapping sectors, specially when mass media and digitalentertainment are not part of the telecommunications sector.A framework was also presented for researchers and policy makers to identify sources of alignment and tensions betweencurrent and future agendas in terms of science and technology fields, users, demand and applications, actors, networks andinstitutions. Further research can be done by combing any two or more of the variables presented in that framework and,therefore, discussing the sources of tensions.Proceedings of the 4th ACORN-REDECOM Conference Brasilia, D.F., May 14-15th, 2010 27

Leal et al. ICT and Telecommunications: Sectoral Transformation and Public Policy AgendaACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis paper made use of research conducted the authors under FUNTTEL project “Cenários Tecnológicos deTelecomunicações” and contributions to CEPAL’s consulting studies to IPEA project “Perspectivas do DesenvolvimentoBrasileiro”.REFERENCES1. Alahuhta, P.; Jurvansuu, M.; Pentikäinen, H. (2004) Roadmap for network technologies and services. Technology Review, n. 162, 2004.2. Castells, M. (1999) A sociedade em rede. São Paulo: Paz & Terra, 1999.3. CETIC.BR (2009) Pesquisa TIC domicílios. Available in: <http://www.cetic.br>. Accessed in: 21 aug. 2009.4. CPqD (2006) Telecomunicações: nota técnica setorial referenciada no território. Campinas: CPqD, 2006.5. ECLAC (2002) Globalización y desarollo. Santiago: United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2002.6. Fransman, M. (2002a) Mapping the evolving telecoms industry: the uses and shortcomings of the layer model. Telecommunications Policy, v. 26, n. 9-10, p. 473-483, oct.-nov. 2002.7. Fransman, M. (2002b) Telecoms in the Internet Age: from boom to bust to...? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. 290 p.8. Fransman, M. (2007) The new ICT ecosystem. Edinburgh: Kokoro, 2007. 239 p.9. Furtado, M. T.; Rego, G. B.; Loural, C. de A. (2005a) Prospecção tecnológica e principais tendências em telecomunicações. Cadernos CPqD Tecnologia, v. 1, n. 1, 2005.10. Furtado, M. T.; Rego, G. B.; Loural, C. de A. (2005b) Tendências tecnológicas nas telecomunicações: horizonte de curto prazo. Foco nas projeções de evolução das tecnologias correntes. Relatório técnico CPqD PD.30.11.33A.0003A/RT-03- AA. Campinas: CPqD, 2005.11. Instituto Paulo Montenegro (2007) INAF Brasil (2001 – 2007). Available in: <http://www.ipm.org.br>. Accessed in: 21 aug. 2009.12. IPEA [2010] Desafios e oportunidades do setor de telecomunicações no Brasil, in Infraestrutura Econômica no Brasil. Diagnósticos e perspectivas 2025. Brasília: in press.13. Leal, R. L. V. (2008) Software para telecomunicações: conceitos e tecnologias habilitadoras. Caderno CPqD Tecnologia, v. 4, n. 1, p. 7-24, jan./jun. 2008.14. Leal, R. L. V. (2009) Atualização das tendências tecnológicas. Relatório técnico CPqD PD.30.11.33A.0019A/RT-02- AA. Campinas: CPqD, 2009.15. Loural, C. de A.; Furtado, M. T.; Rego, G. B.; Ogushi, C. M. (2005) Perspectivas do setor de telecomunicações – horizonte 2010. Relatório técnico CPqD PD.30.11.33.0004A/RT-02-AA. Campinas: CPqD, 2005.16. Maeda, T.; Amar, A.D.; Gibson, A. (2006) Impact of wireless telecommunications standards and regulation on the evolution of wireless technologies and services over Internet protocol. Telecommunications Policy, v. 30, p. 587-604, 2006.17. Malerba, Franco (2004) Sectoral systems of innovation: concepts, issues and analyses of six major sectors in Europe. Cambridge University Press, 2004.18. Olivera, R. (2004) Concorrência e vantagem competitiva na indústria de software para telecomunicações: há espaço para empresas brasileiras? 2004. 59 p. Monografia (Bacharelado em Ciências Econômicas). Instituto de Economia. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 2004.19. Qiang, C. Z. (2009) Broadband infrastructure investment in stimulus packages: relevance for developing countries. Availabe in: <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONANDTECHNOLOGIES/Resources /282822-1208273252769/Broadband_Investment_in_Stimulus_Packages.pdf>. Accessed in: 06 jun. 2009.20. Rao, P. M. (1999) Convergence and unbundling of corporate R&D in telecommunications: is software taking the helm. Telecommunications Policy, v. 23, n. 1, p. 83-93, feb. 1999.21. Souto, A. A.; Cavalcanti, D. B.; Filho; J. F.; Esteves, K. B.; Carmesini, R.; Ferreira Junior, R. (2009) Subsídios à formulação de políticas públicas das telecomunicações. Brasília: Ministério das Comunicações, 2009. 116 p.Proceedings of the 4th ACORN-REDECOM Conference Brasilia, D.F., May 14-15th, 2010 28

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Ict and telecommunications sectoral transformation and public policy agenda - Rodrigo Lima Verde Leal, Claudio de Almeida Loural (2010)

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