1. The document discusses the life and work of Czech artist Vinca Klima. It notes that she was born in 1881 in Czechoslovakia and showed an early interest in folk art from her father who was a folk art teacher. She spent much of her life traveling and learning different styles of primitive art. 2. It highlights that Klima was deeply influenced by her travels to Africa where she was exposed to traditional tribal art styles. She incorporated these influences into her own unique primitive artistic style. Her art helped popularize primitive and tribal styles in Europe. 3. Klima's travels exposed her to different cultures and artistic traditions which she synthesized into her own pioneering primitive style. She helped establish primitive art

1. 1

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5. cve‡jv wcKv‡mv I wcÖwgwUwfRg Gi †cÖ¶vcU Ñ
cve‡jv wcKv‡mv Lye cwiwPZ GKRb cÖwZfvevb wkíx wQ‡jb| wZwb A‡bK bZzb avivi
wkíKg© ˆZix K‡i‡Qb hv‡Z wQ‡jv A‡bK bZzbZ¡ Ges ax‡i ax‡i Zv‡K wb‡q †M‡Qb AvaywbK
wPÎKjvq| Lye †QvU eqm †_‡KB wcKv‡mv eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb †h, hk I L¨vwZ †c‡Z PvB‡j
MZvbyMwZK †h aviv we`¨gvb Av‡Q Zv‡K fvO‡Z n‡e Ges m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e bZzb aviv| ZvB wZwb
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c¨vwi‡mB wZwb cÖ_g Avwd«Kvi HwZn¨MZ wkí m¤ú©‡K aviYv jvf K‡ib| Avwd«Kvi wkí wcKv‡mv
†K Lye fvjfv‡e bvov‡`q hv Zv‡K bZzb avivq KvR Ki‡Z AbycÖvYxZ K‡i| ïay wcKv‡mvB bbI‡q÷v©b AvU© Øviv cÖfvweZ nbwb AviI A‡b‡K cÖfvweZ n‡qwQ‡jb| Z‡e wZwbB GKwU `„k¨gvb
ms‡hvM mvab K‡iwQ‡jb Avwd«Kvb AvU© Gi mv‡_ hv bZzb bv›`wbK fvlv ˆZix K‡i wkíKjvq|
Dwbk kZ‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K `w¶b I DËi w`‡Ki Avwd«Kv d«v‡Ýi Avq‡Ë P‡j
Av‡m hv BD‡iv‡ci GKwU Ask n‡q hvq| hv “Scramble for Africa” bv‡g cwiwPZ| c‡i
GwU AviI we¯—„wZ jvf K‡i 1876 †_‡K 1912 mv‡j| hvi mv‡_ hy³ nq BD‡iv‡ci †ejwRqvg,
d«vÝ, BUvwj, Rv©gvbx, c~Z©Mvj, †¯úb I hy³ivR¨| GB we¯—„wZ jv‡fi d‡j d«v‡Ýi abx I m¤£vš—
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†`Lv hvq| Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg nj Musee d’ Ethnographie du Trocadero (Goldwater
7) hv GLb Musee de l’Homme bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB hv`yN‡i 1878 mv‡j c¨vwi‡m Avš—©RvwZK
cÖ`©kwbi Av‡qvRb K‡i| GB Avš—©RvwZK cÖ`©kbxi gva¨‡g cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zvv Avwd«Kv, Av‡gwiKv I
I‡kwbqvi wkíKg© †`Lvi my‡hvM cvq| GB cÖ`©kbxwU Lye RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡iwQ‡jv e‡j c‡i
hv`yNiwU G‡K msMÖ‡n ivLvi wm×vš— ‡bq|
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Av‡jvi cÖ‡ek Kivi g‡Zv| hv Zvu‡K AviI †KŠZznjx K‡i Zz‡j| BD‡ivwcqvb cwÛZ I wkwíiv
G‡K wkí e‡j †g‡b wb‡Z Pvb wb eis Zviv Zv mgvR e¨e¯’vi cÖv_wgK hy‡Mi wkí ej‡Z Pvb|GwU
cwÛZ‡`i mvavib aviYv wQj †h, Avwd«Kvb G wkí nj Avw`g gvby‡li I µgweKvkgvb MÖyc Gi|
5

6. GB cÖv_wgK hy‡Mi wkíKjvi fvj I †bwZevPK `yB cÖfveB i‡q‡Q mviv we‡k¦| Primitif ‡_‡K
Primitive kãwU G‡m‡Q hv Dwbk kZ‡K d«v‡Ýi wkí BwZnv‡m m~Î wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i wejw¤^Z
ga¨hyM I Aviwj BUvwjqvb †i‡bmvm wkíx‡`i| hw`I GwU Avwd«Kvi HwZn¨MZ wkí| GwU e¨envi
nZ Avw`g mnR I mij gvby‡li fve cªKv‡ki Rb¨| hw`I cÖK…wZi GB mnR mij welqwU‡K
mn‡R †g‡b wb‡Z Pvqwb| †h wkíxiv GB wcÖwgwUf AvU© m¤ú©‡K weiƒc K_v ejZ cie©Zx‡Z Zvuiv
Zv‡`i fzj eyS‡Z cv‡i Ges wb‡R‡`i †h gZ Zv †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmvi †Póv K‡i|
1907 mv‡j wcKv‡m Trocadero hv`yNi cÖ`©kb K‡ib ZLb Zvi eqm wQ‡jv 26
eQi| ZZw`‡b wZwb mdjZv AR©b K‡ib Zvui wPÎK©g Øviv| hv “Blue Period” I “Rose
Period” Gi gv‡a¨‡g| GwU‡K Avevi wb‡MÖv wcwiqW I e−vK wcwiqW ejv nq|
The Blue Period 1901-04
The Tragedy, 1903
La Celestina, 1904
6

7. Rose Period 1905-1906
Boy with a Dog, 1905
Les Saltambiques, 1905
Zvi g~j KvR ¸‡jv‡Z wZwb Wªwqs, dg© I †UKwb‡Ki gywÝqvbv †`wL‡q‡Qb| Blue Period
wZwb Zvi wkíK‡g© Monochromatic bxj I meyR Kvjv‡ii mswgkª‡b wPÎvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| GB
wPΉkjxi aviv ¸‡jv‡Z wZwb Zvi eÜzi Casegemas Gi AvZ¥nZ¨vi d‡j m„ó Aemv` I Aciva
†eva Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q G‡K‡Qb| Rose Period Qwe ¸‡jv‡Z wZwb mvKv©m `‡ji ms¯ú©‡k
Av‡mb|
cve‡jv wcKv‡mvi mdjZvi wcQ‡b me‡P‡q eo Ae`vb wQj Zvi eÜz Gertrude Stein
Gi| wZwb Ges Zvi fvB wQ‡jb Av‡gwiKvi m¤£vš— †jLK| Gertrude Stein Zvi c¨vwi‡mi evmvq
mßv‡n GKw`b †jLK I wkíx‡`i `vIqvZ w`‡Zb| Gi d‡j wcKv‡mv Maurice Vlaminck,
Andre Derain I Henri Matisse (Figure 1)
wkíx‡`i mv‡_ mv¶vZ nq| Zviv mevB
wQ‡jb dwfRg wkí Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ| dwfRg wkíAv‡›`vj‡b wkíxiv óªvKPvivj Dcv`vb
wn‡m‡e MVbg~jK j‡¶¨i m‡½ wbw`©ó Abyµg Ges Zvj Gi aviYv †`evi Rb¨ wPÎ wb©gv‡bi m‡½
Mvp Kvjvi I eªvk †óªvK e¨venvi Ki‡Zb| gvwZm dwfRg I cvwm©qvb AvU© Gi †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb|
wcKv‡mv I gvwZm `yB Rb cÖwZ`w›`Zv g~jK Kv‡Ri eÜzZ¡ K‡ib| gvwZmB wcKv‡mv †K Avwd«Kvi
7

8. AvU© Gi mv‡_ cwiPq Kwi‡q‡Qb| GB Avwd«Kvb Av‡U©i Dci wfwË K‡i `yRbB bZzb avivi, bZzb
fvebv wb‡q AvuKv ïiy K‡ib|
Figure 1,Henri Matisse
Figure 2,Untitled (Seated Figure) , Vili,
Democratic Republic of Congo, Wood
and Glass, Formerly from Henri
Matisse’s Collection
cve‡jv wcKv‡mvi Kv‡R wcÖwgwUwfRg Gi cÖfve Ggwb GK iv‡Z gvwZm Zvi µqK…Z Vili, Democratic Republic of Congo
(Figure 2)
fv¯‹©‡hi Mí e©Ybv K‡ib 1906 mv‡j|
gvwZm GB fv¯‹h© wU µq K‡ib Emile Heymann
bvgK GK Supplier KvQ †_‡K whwb GBme †KŠZznjc~Y©
I Avw`g eb¨ Rš‘ wkKv‡ii A¯¿ msMÖn Ki‡Zb| wZwb
wQ‡jb Avwd«Kvb AvU© Gi g~j e¨emvqx| Gertrude
Stein (Figure 3)
Gi evmvq gvwZm Zvi bZzb
msMÖnK…Z fv¯‹©hwU wcKv‡mv‡K cÖ_gevi †`Lv‡jb| hv †`‡L
wcKv‡mv Lye Impressed n‡qwQ‡jb| H iv‡Z wb‡MÖv AvU©
wb‡q we¯—i Av‡jvPbv nq|
Figure 3,Gertrude Stein, Pablo
Picasso , 1905-1906
8

9. GB fv¯‹©h ïay wcKv‡mv‡KB Impressed K‡iwb eis Zv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q
Gertrude Stein cÖwZK…wZ AsK‡b| 1905 mv‡j wZwb †÷Bb Gi cÖwZK…wZ 19 evi
G‡KwQ‡jb wKš—y Zv Zvi gbtcyZ nw”Qj bv| †kl ch©š— wZwb Zv †K‡U †d‡jb| 1906
mv‡j wZwb AvwdªKvb gv¯‹ Gi Av`‡j †÷Bb Gi bZzb cÖwZK…wZ wb©gvb K‡ib| A‡b‡K
gš—e¨ K‡ib cÖwZK…wZwU †÷Bb Gi mv‡_ wg‡j wb| Z‡e wcKv‡mv e‡jwQ‡jb wZwb
†c‡i‡Qb| gvwZm I GB mg‡q GB fv¯‹©h wb‡q GKwU Qwe AvuK‡jb hvi bvg Still
Life with Negro Statuette (Figure 4) |
Figure 4,
Still Life with Negro Statuette , Oil on canvas, 1906
9

10. Gertrude Stein j¶¨ Ki‡jb †h `yRb wkíx‡KB GB fv¯‹©h wU cÖfvweZ
K‡i‡Q|
Avwd«Kvb wkí wcKv‡mv I gvwZm †K wfbœ wfbœ fv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| gvwZm‡K
cÖfvweZ K‡i Kíbv †_‡K `©kb‡K| Avi wcKv‡mv †K cÖfvweZ K‡i `©kb‡K bq Kíbv
kw³‡K|
Figure 5, Self Portrait, Oil on canvas, 1906
Figure 6, Self Portrait, Oil on canvas, 1907
1906 mv‡j wcKv‡mv Zvi Self Portrait (Figure 5) A¼b K‡ib| 1907
mv‡j wZwb c~bivq Zvi Self Portrait (Figure 6) A¼b K‡ib| †hLv‡b Avwd«Kvb
Av‡U©i cÖfve cÖPzi cwigv‡b †`Lv hvq| GB cÖfve Rose Period †K I cwie©wZZ
K‡i †d‡j| Avi GB cÖfve †`Lv hvq Zvi ciewZ© Qwe Les Demoiselles d’
Avignon (Figure 7) |
10

11. Figure 7, Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon , Oil on canvas, 1907
d«v‡Ýi mgv‡jvPK Andre Salmon GB †cBw›Us‡KB AvaywbK wPÎKjvi ïi“ e‡j g‡b
K‡ib| 1905 †_‡K 1906 mv‡j gvwZm I GKwU wPÎKg© ˆZix K‡ib Zv nj Le Bonheur de
Vivre (Figure 8) | Avwd«Kvb AvU© wcKv‡mv †K mvnvh¨ K‡i weg~Z© avivq wkíPPv© K‡i‡Z|
Figure 8,Le Bonheur de Vivre, Henri Matisse, 1906
wcKv‡mvi AvuKv Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon Qwei g~j avibvwU n‡”Q
ev‡m©‡jvbvi MwbKvj‡qi †g‡q‡`i‡K wb‡q| cie©wZ‡Z wZwb Trocadero hv`yNi cÖ`©k‡bi ci
11

12. Zvui wPš—vi cwie©Zb N‡U| d‡j wZwb cÖ‡Z¨K gwnjv‡K bMœ, G‡MÖwmf I bZzb d‡g© Avu‡Kb| gyL
¸‡jv‡K Avu‡Kb Avwd«Kvi gy‡Lvk Gi Av`‡j wØ-gvwÎK fv‡e| cwi‡cÖw¶‡Zi mKj wbqgKvbyb †K
wZwb †f‡½ ‡d‡j‡Qb|
Figure 9, Bakota Reliquary Figure
Wood, brass/copper
Gabon, Africa
Figure 10, Dan Mask , Wood ,
Dan Tribe, Ivory Coast
Avwd«Kvb fv¯‹‡h©i `ywU ÷vBj Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon †K cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv
nj Bakota Reliquary Figure (Figure 9) hv M¨ve‡bi Ges Av‡iKwU nj Dan
Mask, Ivory Coast (Figure 10)| Dan Mask Gi cÖfve j¶¨ Kiv hvq Wvb w`‡Ki
`ywU wdMv‡i| `ywU wdMv‡ii bvK `ywU eo K‡i AvuKv, `ywU‡KB mvBW wfD K‡i AvuKv, Kcvj d¬vU
K‡i AvKv| QwewU R¨vwgwZK k¨vc-G AvKv n‡q‡Q| QwewU‡Z Avwd«Kvb gv‡¯‹i cÖfve cÖPzi Zv j¶¨
Kiv hvq| Bakota fv¯‹©h wcKv‡mv †K gy‡Li k¨vc I jvBU k¨v‡Wi is G I cÖfvweZ K‡i| Kcvj
†PvL I Kv‡b Bakota (Figure 9) fv¯‹©‡hi mv‡_ wgj cvIqv hvq|
wcKv‡mv Western †mŠ›`©‡hi aviYv Ges †i‡bmvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Zi aviYv fvO‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
Avwd«Kvb wk‡í †gvwnZ n‡q wcKv‡mv Avwd«Kvb †gvLk, fv¯‹©h I Ab¨vb¨ wRwbl msMÖn Ki‡Z ïi“
K‡ib| Gi d‡j Lye `ªyZB Zvi ózwWI f‡i wM‡qwQj| Avwd«Kvb cÖfv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡q wZwb Zvi KvR
12

13. Pvwj‡q hvb| ZvB Zvi GB mgqKvj †K “Epoque Negre” ev Avwd«Kvb wcÖqW ejv nq|
Avwd«Kvb cÖfve AviI †`Lv hvq wcKv‡mvi AvKv 1907 mv‡j Standing Nude (Figure
11) hv Senufo wooden (Figure 12) fv¯‹©‡hi mv‡_ wgj i‡q‡Q| `ywUB GKB †Kv‡b gyL
I eyK K‡i `vov‡bv|
Figure 11 , Standing Nude , Oil on canvas , 1907
Figure 12 , Senufo Statue (Ivory Coast),
Wood
1907 mv‡j The Dancer (Figure 13) wkíKg©wU Bokota reliquary
(Figure 14) Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv hvq| The Dancer wP‡Î gwnjvi nvZ `ywU wcQb w`‡K
wb‡q gv_vi wcQ‡b ivLv hv AvwdªKvi wkíKjvi mv‡_ wg‡j| Wvb w`‡Ki cv wU evg w`‡Ki cv‡Z
13

14. fvuR K‡i ivLv, evg w`‡K GKwU wi‡d¬± †`Lv hvq| wcKv‡mvi GB Kv‡Ri cwie©Zb Bokota Gi
mv‡_ Lye wgj cvIqv hvq|
Figure 13, Dancer, Oil on canvas, 1907
Figure 14, Bakota reliquary, Wood, brass/copper
Gabon, Africa
wVK GB cÖfve †`Lv hvq Nude with Drapery, 1907 (Figure 13) QwewU‡Z|
GwU wQj G wmwi‡Ri †kl Qwe hv‡Z †`Lv hvq GK nvZ gv_vi wcQ‡bi w`‡K ivLv|
14

15. Figure 13, Nude with Drapery ,Oil on Canvas, 1907
AvBfwi †Kv‡ói Wvb gv¯‹ †hgb Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon †K cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj
†Zgwb Ab¨ KvR ¸‡jv‡Z I cÖfvweZ K‡i| 1907 mv‡j AvuKv Friendship (Figure 14)
wPÎwU‡Z †`Lv hvq gv_vi MVb †K cwie©Zb Kiv n‡q‡Q wKš‘ Mvj ¸‡jv‡Z fvR †`Lv hvq|
Figure 14, Friendship ,Oil on Canvas, 1907
15

16. G¨bvwjwUK¨vj wKDweR‡gi cve‡jv wcKv‡mvi Kv‡R wcÖwgwUwfRg Gi cÖfve cÖvK…wZK †h MVb‰kjx Av‡Q Zv‡K wKQzUv cwiZ¨vM Kiv n‡q‡Q ïay gvÎ weg~Z©Zvi Rb¨|
wVK †Zgwb Avwd«Kvb gv‡¯‹I ZvB †`Lv hvq| †PvL ¸‡jv w·KvbvK…wZ, wmwjÛvi k¨vc bvK, mgvš—
ivj †iLv Øviv gyL Avi j¤^ I Dj¤^ †iLv Øviv ˆZix Kiv nq WªBs ¸‡jv‡K| GB KiY‰kjx e¨envi
K‡ib wcKv‡mv Ges eªvK hv G¨bvwjwUK¨vj wKDweRg bv‡g cwiwPZ| AvwdªKvb fv¯‹©hB wKDweRg
ˆZix K‡iwQ‡j e‡j gZ w`‡qwQ‡jb Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler wZwb GKRb Dwbk
kZ‡Ki BwZnvmwe`| whwb Zvui †jLvq AvBfwi †Kv‡÷ Wobe (Figure 15) gv¯‹ m¤ú©‡K
e‡jwQ‡jb hv wcKv‡mvi msMÖ‡n wQj| Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler Abyfe K‡iwQ‡jb †h,
wcKv‡mv GB weg~Z© gv¯‹ ¸‡jv wb‡q A‡bK wPš—v K‡i‡Qb Ges ‡mB wPš—v †K Zvi wk‡í cÖ‡qvM
K‡i‡Qb| hvi djkÖywZ‡Z G¨bvwjwUK¨vj wKDweR‡gi D™¢e| hvi cÖfve Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB
wcKv‡mvi Guitar ,1912 (Figure 16) | hvi gvSLv‡b GKwU M©Z hv wmwjÛvi Øviv ˆZix
K‡i‡Qb †Zgwb Wobe (Figure 15) gv‡¯‹ I GB wmwjÛvi k¨vc †Pv‡Li e¨envi †`L‡Z
cvB|
16

17. Figure 15, Wobe Masks , Wood and metal , Ivory Coast
Figure 16, Guitar, Cardboard, string and wire, 1912
17

18. wmb‡_wUK wKDweR‡gi cve‡jv wcKv‡mvi Kv‡R wcÖwgwUwfRg Gi cÖfve G¨bvwjwUK¨vj wKDweR‡gi cie©Zx Av‡iKwU avc n‡”Q wmb‡_wUK wKDweRg| GB mgq
wZwb Avwd«Kvb AvU© Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡qB KvR K‡ib Z‡e Zv‡K A‡bK †ekx mnR Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
G c©hv‡q G‡m wcKv‡mvi Kv‡R AviI †ekx weg~Z© nq| wcKv‡mv gy‡Li †ewmK WªBs Ki‡Zb c‡i
G‡K †f‡½ †dj‡Zb R¨vwgwZK k¨vc w`‡q| cie©wZ‡Z cÖK…wZ †_‡K wewfbœ Dcv`vb wb‡q †mB k¨vc
Abyhvqx †m¸‡jv GKwUi Dci GKwU ewm‡q mvRv‡Zb| wcKv‡mv `©kK‡`i †evSvi Rb¨ wKQz
wb©‡`kbv I K¬z w`‡Zb|
1913 mv‡j ˆZix Woman in
Armchair (Figure 17) G wZwb gyL‡K
R¨vwgwZK k¨vc `vb K‡ib hv wQj m¤ú~b© weg~Z©|
WU I mv©‡Ki w`‡q †PvL, †mvRv jvBb w`‡q bvK
I gyL ˆZix K‡i‡Qb| GB ai‡bi bvbv †KŠkj
wZwb e¨envi K‡i‡Qb GB wmb‡_wUK wKDweR‡g
hv wZwb MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb AvBfwi †Kv‡ói
Wobe (Figure 15) gv¯‹ †_‡K|
Figure 17, Woman in Armchair,Oil on Canvas, 1913
18

19. Figure 18, Three-musicians
Figure 19, Glass and Bottle of Suze Picasso 1912
cve‡jv wcKv‡mvi fv¯‹©‡h wcÖwgwUwfRg Gi cÖfve -
GB mg‡q wcKv‡mvi fv¯‹©‡h GKwU bZzb
Aa¨‡qi m~Pbv Ki‡jb| Avwd«Kvb AvwU©i †mB mnR
mijZv wZwb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡jb Zvi fv¯‹©‡h †hLv‡b
wZwb Lye Kg d©g e¨envi K‡ib| wcKv‡mv fv¯‹©h
wb©gv‡b cyivZb †mB HwZn¨MZ aviv †K cwiZ¨vM
K‡i bZzb fv‡e we‡k¦i mvg‡b Zz‡j ai‡jb|
wcKv‡mvi 1909 mv‡j Kiv Head of a
Woman, 1909 (Figure 20) fv¯‹©h †K
wKDwe÷ avivi fv¯‹©h ejv nq|
Figure 20, Head of a Woman, Plaster, 1909
19

20. wcKv‡mv Zvi bZzb ‡KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡jb kvwiwiK MVb‡K †f‡½ hv wesk kZ‡K G‡m AviI gy³ I
¯^vaxb fv‡e fv¯‹©h wb©gv‡b ¸iyZ¡c~b© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wcKv‡mv g~jZ †`Lv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Avwd«Kv
wk‡íi †eva ev fvebvUv‡K| hw`I Avwd«Kvb wkí ev¯—eZvUv‡KB GKUz wfbœ fv‡e †`Lv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
Dcmsnvi wcKv‡mv Avwd«Kvb wk‡íi hv`y Øviv gy» n‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb e‡jb †h, Avwd«Kvb wkí Zv‡K
cwie©Zb K‡i‡`q Zvi AvKvi ˆkjx‡K GKRb ga¨¯’Kvix wn‡m‡e| wZwb Avwd«Kvb wkí‡K e¨vL¨v
K‡ib g~jZ ga¨¯’Kvix wn‡m‡e wkí I ARvbv †fŠwZK †Kvb kw³i g‡a¨| Avwd«Kvb wkí n‡”Q
GKvU hv`yKix kw³ hv Avgv‡`i fq¼i †Kvb wKQz †_‡K DËiY K‡i| cve‡jv wcKv‡mv Avwd«Kvb
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¯^vaxbZv‡K wZwb Qwo‡q w`‡q‡Qb AvaywbK wkíKjvq|
20

21. Z_¨ m~Î t
1. Bacquart, Jean Baptiste. Tribal Arts of Africa. Thames and Hudson, 2002
2. Bishop, Phillip. Adventures in the Human Spirit. New Jersey, Prentice Hall,
2002
3. Cowling, Elizabeth. Interpreting Matisse Picasso. Millbank. Tate Publishing,
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1974
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7. Goldwater, Robert. Primitivism in Modern Art. Cambridge Massachusetts
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University Publishing, 2003
10. Mailer, Norman. Portrait of Picasso as a Young Man: An Interpretive
Biography. New York, Atlantic Monthly Press, 1995
11. O’Riley, Michael Kampen. Art Beyond the West. New York, Harry and
Abrams, 2002
12. Patrick, Frank. Preebles’s Art Forms: An Introduction to Visual Arts 9th Ed.
New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 2008
13. Pekenham, Thomas. The Scramble for Africa. NewYork: Random House,
1991
14. Price, Christine. Made in West Africa. Dutton, 1975
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21