Long-Term Effects of Running Away

NRS’ RUNAWAY YOUTHLONGITUDINAL STUDYJENNIFER BENOIT-BRYAN, PHD CANDIDATE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, CHICAGO CONTACT: JBENOI2@UIC.EDU

PRESENTATION OVERVIEW• Introduction • Previous research • Research questions• Methodology • Data source • Measures• Findings • Cross-sectional analysis • Longitudinal analysis• Discussion

GAPS IN PREVIOUS RESEARCH• Estimates of prevalence of runaways vary• Limited research on characteristics of runaways compared to non-runaways• Research focuses on problems of runaways at time of runaway episode• Lack of research that examines outcomes of runaway behaviors in the long term

RESEARCH QUESTIONS1. Single Point in Time - What are the differences between runaways and non-runaways in terms of demographics and risk factors?2. Longitudinal - What is the association between running away from home as an adolescent and health, economic, and justice system outcomes in adulthood?

DATA SOURCE• National Adolescent Health Survey (Add Health)• Four wave panel survey with clustered school sampling design • Wave one – grades 7-11 (1994-1995) • Wave two – grades 8-12 (1996) • Wave three – ages 18-26 (2001-2002) • Wave four – ages 24-32 (2008-2009)• Sample size of over 15,000 individuals, 80% retention of eligible respondents wave one to wave four

METHODOLOGYSingle Point in Time• Chi Square analysis was used to measure differences between runaways and non-runawaysLongitudinal• Logistic regression and Multiple linear regression were used to identify the correlations in running away from home as an adolescent and adult outcomes

SINGLE POINT IN TIME VARIABLESDid the respondent ever run away from home as achild? Asked when respondents are young adults(wave three).• Demographic Variables • Race and ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, born in the United States• Correlates • Foster care history, history of physical, sexual, or verbal abuse

RUNAWAY RATE BY GENDER 12Ru 10na 8wa 6 Malesy Females 4Ra 2te 6.7 9.9 0 Gender

RUNAWAY RATE BY RACE & ETHNICITY 14Ru 12 Hispanicna 10 Caucasianw 8ay African American 6R 4 American Indian ora Native Americant 2 Asian or Pacifice 10.8 8.4 7.5 12.9 10.9 Islander 0 Race / Ethnicity

RUNAWAY RATE BY BIRTHPLACE 12Ru 10na 8wa 6 Yesy No 4Ra 2te 9.6 6.2 0 Born in the United States

RUNAWAY RATE BY SEXUAL ORIENTATION 25Run 20aw 15 100% Heterosexuala Mostly Heterosexualy Bisexual 10 Mostly HomosexualR 100% Homosexuala 5te 7.6 17.7 21.7 11.5 13 0 Sexual Orientation

RUNAWAY RATE BY FOSTER CARE HISTORY 35Ru 30na 25w 20a Yesy 15 NoR 10at 5e 30.7 6.2 0 Foster Care History

RUNAWAY RATE BY ABUSE HISTORY 20R 18un 16a 14w 12 No Abusea 10 Physical Abusey 8 Verbal AbuseR 6 Sexual Abusea 4t 2e 6.3 17.4 11.7 17 0 Abuse History

LONGITUDINAL ANALYSISFocusing on outcomes in adulthood• Health• Economics• Judicial System

LONGITUDINAL MODEL OUTCOME VARIABLES• Health Variables • Economic Variables • Physical Health • Education • General health rating • High school diploma • Health limited in doing • Highest degree received moderate activities • Income • Diagnosis of a sexually • Personal income level transmitted disease (STD) • Use of Public Assistance • Mental Health • Suicidal thoughts • Justice System Variables • Suicide attempts • Arrested after Age 18 • Drug Use • Crimes Committed • Cigarette smoking • Selling drugs, Damaging private • Marijuana use property, Stealing, buying, ho • Alcohol use lding, or selling stolen property, Committing financial fraud, Shooting or stabbing someone

LONGITUDINAL MODEL PREDICTOR VARIABLES• Independent Variables • Ever runaway from home • Correlates • Foster care history • Abuse history (physical, mental, sexual) • Demographics • Race / Ethnicity • Born in the US • Age • Gender • Sexual orientation

DETAILED SUICIDAL THOUGHTS MODELSUICIDAL THOUGHTS Significance Change in Odds Exp(B)Ever run away .002 1.507Gender (female) .064 1.182Hispanic .103 .810African American .144 .855American Indian .203 1.299Asian .218 .809Age .151 .964Bisexual orientation .021 1.728Homosexual orientation <.001 2.688Born in the US .707 .993Foster care .976 1.007Verbal abuse before age 18 <.001 2.416Physical abuse before age 18 <.001 1.466Sexual abuse before age 18 <.001 1.696

HEALTH IMPACTS• Running from home as an adolescent is correlated with a number of statistically significant health impacts compared to non-runaways • .20 levels lower in general health rating (5 point scale) • 44% increase in likelihood of reporting limits of health on ability to do moderate activities • 52% increase in reports of STDs • 3.8 fold increase in suicide attempts • 1.5 fold increase in suicidal thoughts • 2.4 times more likely to be cigarette smokers • 67% more likely to use marijuana

ECONOMIC IMPACTS• Running from home as an adolescent is correlated with a number of statistically significant economic impacts compared to non-runaways • 50% less likely to have a high school diploma or GED • Lower average level of education – some college for non- runaways and vocational or technical training for runaways • Annual income of $8,823 less for former runaways than non- runaways • 76% more likely to be on public assistance

EDUCATION COMPLETED BY RUNAWAY STATUS45.00%40.00%35.00%30.00%25.00%20.00%15.00%10.00% 5.00% 0.00% Non-Runaway Former Runaway

JUSTICE SYSTEM IMPACTS• Running from home as an adolescent is correlated with a number of statistically significant justice system impacts compared to non-runaways • 2.7 times more likely to have been arrested after age 18 • Almost twice as likely to have sold drugs • However, most crimes are not significantly associated with runaway status

DISCUSSION• Policy Implications • Running away from home has important impacts on health, economic, and juvenile justice system outcomes in adulthood• Limitations • Point in time of adulthood • Impossible to prove causality in social sciences

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS• This National Runaway Switchboard research project has been funded by a grant from Family & Youth Services Bureau; The Administration for Children, Youth & Families; U.S. Department Health and Human Services.• This study uses data from Add Health, a program at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and funded by a grant from the Eunice Kennedy National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 23 other federal agencies and foundations.• Dr. Timothy Johnson, Director of the Survey Research Laboratory in the Department of Public Administration at the University of Illinois, Chicago, has provided assistance and support for this study.

THANK YOU.THE FULL STUDY REPORT CAN BE FOUND ON THENATIONAL RUNAWAY SWITCHBOARD’S WEBSITE. WWW.1800RUNAWAY.ORG

DETAILED LONGITUDINAL MODELS

GENERAL HEALTH MODELGeneral Health Unstandardized Coefficients Standard Sig. Coefficients B CI for B (95%) Standard Error BetaEver run away .204 .132 to .276 .037 .058 .000Gender (female) .066 .029 to .103 .019 .036 .001Hispanic .135 .082 to .187 .027 .053 .000African American .112 .068 to .157 023 .052 .000American Indian .198 .097 to .299 .051 .039 .000Asian .122 .052 to .191 .036 .035 .001Age .007 -.004 to .018 .005 .013 .192Bisexual orientation .056 -.083 to .196 .071 .008 .429Homosexual orientation -.047 -.200 to .107 .078 -.006 .550Born in the US -.000 -.007 to .007 .004 .000 .980Foster care .017 -.104 to .138 .062 .003 .786Verbal abuse before age .155 .116 to .195 .020 .085 .00018Physical abuse before .079 .027 to .131 .027 .033 .003age 18Sexual abuse before age .133 .047 to .219 .044 .032 .00318Constant 2.003 1.837 to 2.169 .085 .000

LIMITS ON HEALTH MODELHEALTH LIMITS Beta Standard Significance Exp (B) Odds Ratio (95% CI) ErrorEver run away .366 .124 .003 1.442 1.132 - 1.837Gender (female) .513 .080 .000 1.670 1.429 - 1.952Hispanic -.065 .109 .550 .937 .757 - 1.160African American .088 .087 .311 1.093 .920 - 1.297American Indian .554 .164 .001 1.740 1.261 - 2.401Asian -.201 .154 .191 .818 .605 - 13106Age .036 .022 .099 1.037 .993 - 1.082Bisexual orientation .303 .229 .186 1.354 .864 - 2.122Homosexual orientation -.668 .422 .114 .513 .224 - 1.174Born in the US .015 .015 .311 1.015 .986 - 1.045Foster care .239 .207 .248 1.270 .847 - 1.904Verbal abuse before age 18 .317 .081 .000 1.372 1.171 - 1.609Physical abuse before age 18 .209 .097 .031 1.372 1.019 - 1.490Sexual abuse before age 18 .363 .140 .010 1.232 1.092 - 1.892Constant -3.522 .343 .000 1.437

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE MODELSexually Transmitted Disease Beta Standard Significance Exp (B) Odds Ratio (95% CI) ErrorEver run away .423 .117 .000 1.527 1.213 – 1.923Gender (female) 1.079 .083 .000 2.943 2.503 - 3.460Hispanic -.002 .106 .985 .998 .811 - 1.228African American .482 .078 .000 1.619 1.388 - 1.888American Indian -.078 .189 .681 .925 .638 - 1.341Asian -.204 .153 .184 .816 .604 - 1.101Age -.063 .021 .002 .938 .901 - .977Bisexual orientation .392 .211 .064 1.479 .978 - 2.239Homosexual orientation .659 .260 .011 1.932 1.160 - 3.218Born in the US .010 .014 .455 1.011 .983 - 1.039Foster care -.394 .245 .107 .674 .417 - 1.089Verbal abuse before age 18 .166 .077 .031 1.181 1.016 - 1.373Physical abuse before age 18 .351 .093 .000 1.420 1.184 - 1.704Sexual abuse before age 18 .104 .140 .458 1.110 .843 - 1.461Constant -2.309 .323 .000 .099

SUICIDE ATTEMPT MODELSUICIDE ATTEMPTS Beta Standard Significance Exp (B) Odds Ratio (95% CI) ErrorEver run away 1.347 .243 .000 3.846 2.388 - 6.193Gender (female) .275 .216 .204 1.316 .862 - 2.009Hispanic .080 .266 .763 1.084 .644 - 1.824African American -.264 .257 .305 .765 .464 - 1.271American Indian .537 .404 .184 1.711 .775 - 3.779Asian -1.124 .593 .058 .325 .102 - 1.039Age .027 .059 .652 1.027 .915 - 1.153Bisexual orientation .754 .446 .091 2.125 .887 - 5.093Homosexual orientation .713 .602 .236 2.040 .627 - 6.631Born in the US -.024 .044 .575 .976 .896 - 1.063Foster care -.860 .730 .239 .423 .101 - 1.769Verbal abuse before age 18 .720 .227 .002 2.055 1.317 - 3.206Physical abuse before age 18 -.202 .256 .428 .817 .495 - 1.348Sexual abuse before age 18 .591 .320 .065 1.805 .964 - 3.381Constant -5.568 .929 .000 .004

SUICIDAL THOUGHTS MODELSUICIDE THOUGHTS Beta Standard Significance Exp (B) Odds Ratio (95% CI) ErrorEver run away .410 .135 .002 1.507 1.158 - 1.963Gender (female) .167 .090 .064 1.182 .990 - 1.411Hispanic -.211 .129 .103 .810 .629 - 1.044African American -.156 .107 .144 .855 .694 - 1.055American Indian .261 .205 .203 1.299 .868 - 1.943Asian -.212 .172 .218 .809 .578 - 1.133Age -.036 .025 .151 .964 .917 - 1.013Bisexual orientation .547 .237 .021 1.728 1.086 - 2.751Homosexual orientation .989 .250 .000 2.688 1.648 - 4.384Born in the US -.007 .018 .707 .993 .959 - 1.029Foster care .007 .243 .976 1.007 .626 - 1.620Verbal abuse before age 18 .882 .100 .000 2.416 1.985 - 2.940Physical abuse before age 18 .382 .102 .000 1.466 1.199 - 1.791Sexual abuse before age 18 .528 .146 .000 1.696 1.274 - 2.259Constant -2.879 .395 .000 .056

CIGARETTE SMOKER MODELCIGARETTE SMOKER Beta Standard Significance Exp (B) Odds Ratio (95% CI) ErrorEver run away .891 .084 .000 2.438 2.067 - 2.876Gender (female) -.514 .046 .000 .598 .547 - .655Hispanic -.506 .068 .000 .603 .528 - .689African American -.514 .057 .000 .598 .535 - .669American Indian .276 .122 .024 1.318 1.037 - 1.675Asian -.515 .090 .000 .598 .501 - .714Age -.048 .013 .000 .953 .928 - .978Bisexual orientation .420 .166 .011 1.521 1.100 - 2.105Homosexual orientation .270 .181 .137 1.310 .918 - 1.869Born in the US .001 .009 .882 1.001 .984 - 1.019Foster care .381 .144 .008 1.463 1.104 - 1.941Verbal abuse before age 18 .185 .049 .000 1.203 1.092 - 1.324Physical abuse before age 18 .220 .063 .000 1.247 1.102 - 1.410Sexual abuse before age 18 .212 .105 .043 1.237 1.007 - 1.518Constant .282 .205 .169 1.326

MARIJUANA USE MODELMARIJUANA USE Beta Standard Significance Exp (B) Odds Ratio (95% CI) ErrorEver run away .511 .101 .000 1.668 1.369 - 2.031Gender (female) -.772 .060 .000 .462 .410 - .520Hispanic -.268 .090 .003 .765 .642 - .913African American .113 .069 .105 1.119 .977 - 1.283American Indian .462 .143 .001 1.586 1.200 - 2.098Asian -.507 .129 .000 .602 .468 - .775Age -.085 .017 .000 .918 .888 - .950Bisexual orientation .822 .182 .000 2.274 1.591 - 3.251Homosexual orientation .442 .209 .035 1.556 1.033 - 2.345Born in the US .013 .012 .273 1.013 .990 - 1.036Foster care .187 .175 .286 1.206 .855 - 1.701Verbal abuse before age 18 .142 .064 .027 1.153 1.016 - 1.307Physical abuse before age 18 .305 .078 .000 1.356 1.164 - 1.581Sexual abuse before age 18 .230 .130 .077 1.258 .975 - 1.623Constant -.281 .263 .286 .755

HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION STATUS MODELHIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION Beta Standard Significance Exp (B) Odds Ratio (95% CI)STATUS ErrorEver run away -.690 .150 .000 .502 .374 - .673Gender (female) .421 .102 .000 1.523 1.247 - 1.861Hispanic -.458 .130 .000 .633 .490 - .817African American -.441 .114 .000 .643 .514 - .805American Indian -.352 .223 .115 .703 .454 - 1.090Asian .759 .270 .005 2.135 1.259 - 3.623Age .066 .029 .024 1.068 1.009 - 1.131Bisexual orientation -.554 .292 .058 .575 .324 - 1.018Homosexual orientation .641 .514 .212 1.899 .693 - 5.204Born in the US .077 .023 .001 1.080 1.032 - 1.130Foster care -.794 .225 .000 .452 .291 - .702Verbal abuse before age 18 .095 .112 .395 1.100 .883 - 1.370Physical abuse before age 18 -.358 .130 .006 .699 .542 - .902Sexual abuse before age 18 -.491 .189 .009 .612 .423 - .886Constant 2.018 .449 .000 7.526

HIGHEST DEGREE COMPLETED MODELHIGHEST DEGREE Unstandardized Coefficients Standard Sig.COMPLETED Coefficients B CI for B (95%) Standard Error BetaEver run away -.765 -.935 to -.596 .087 -.091 .000Gender (female) .521 .433 to .608 .045 .119 .000Hispanic -.349 -.473 to -.224 .064 -.057 .000African American -.190 -.295 to -.085 .054 -.037 .000American Indian -.501 -.740 to -.263 .122 -.042 .000Asian .678 .513 to .844 .084 .083 .000Age -.004 -.029 to .021 .013 -.003 .754Bisexual orientation -.292 -.623 to .038 .169 -.018 .083Homosexual orientation .373 .010 to .736 .185 .020 .044Born in the US .048 .031 to .066 .009 .056 .000Foster care -.585 -.872 to -.298 .146 -.041 .000Verbal abuse before age -.031 -.124 to .063 .048 -.007 .52018Physical abuse before -.078 -.202 to .045 .063 -.014 .015age 18Sexual abuse before age -.354 -.559 to -.150 .104 -.035 .00118Constant 5.748 5.355 to 6.141 .201 .000

PERSONAL INCOME LEVEL MODELPersonal Income Level Unstandardized Coefficients Standard Sig. Coefficients B CI for B (95%) Standard Error BetaEver run away -8823 -12655 to -4991 1955 -.048 .000Gender (female) -11690 -13672 to -9708 1011 -.122 .000Hispanic 1194 -1606 to 3995 1429 .009 .403African American -4557 -6954 to -2161 1223 -.040 .000American Indian -2621 -8066 to 2824 2778 -.010 .345Asian 6363 2646 to 10080 1896 .035 .001Age 1731 1159 to 2304 292 .062 .000Bisexual orientation -5792 -13371 to 1786 3866 -.016 .134Homosexual orientation -4855 -12985 to 3275 4147 -.012 .242Born in the US 194 -197 to 584 199 .010 .331Foster care -2162 -8653 to 4328 3311 -.007 .514Verbal abuse before age 18 -2122 -4234 to -10 1077 -.022 .049Physical abuse before age 2888 105 to 5671 1420 .023 .04218Sexual abuse before age 18 -6833 -11431 to -2236 2345 -.031 .004Constant 18484 -603 to 27367 4531 .000

PUBLIC ASSISTANCE MODELPUBLIC ASSISTANCE Beta Standard Significance Exp (B) Odds Ratio (95% CI) ErrorEver run away .566 .092 .000 1.762 1.472 - 2.109Gender (female) .595 .056 .000 1.812 1.624 - 2.022Hispanic -.198 .082 .015 .821 .699 - .963African American .698 .059 .000 2.010 1.792 - 2.255American Indian .248 .134 .064 1.281 .986 - 1.665Asian -.749 .130 .000 .473 .366 - .610Age -.022 .016 .161 .978 .949 - 1.009Bisexual orientation .239 .179 .184 1.269 .893 - 1.804Homosexual orientation -.948 .312 .002 .388 .210 - .715Born in the US -.028 .011 .012 .973 .952 - .994Foster care .646 .150 .000 1.909 1.424 - 2.559Verbal abuse before age 18 .191 .057 .001 1.210 1.081 - 1.355Physical abuse before age 18 .274 .071 .000 1.316 1.144 - 1.514Sexual abuse before age 18 .521 .106 .000 1.684 1.367 - 2.075Constant -1.682 .241 .000 .186

ARRESTED AFTER AGE 18 MODELARRESTED Beta Standard Significance Exp (B) Odds Ratio (95% CI) ErrorEver run away 1.002 .109 .000 2.723 2.199 - 3.371Gender (female) -1.755 .079 .000 .173 .148 - .202Hispanic -.074 .100 .459 .929 .764 - 1.129African American .435 .078 .000 1.545 1.325 - 1.801American Indian .267 .175 .126 1.306 .928 - 1.839Asian -.995 .174 .000 .370 .263 - .520Age -.022 .020 .276 .979 .941 - 1.017Bisexual orientation .275 .255 .281 1.317 .799 - 2.170Homosexual orientation -.336 .279 .227 .714 .414 - 1.233Born in the US -.022 .014 .113 .978 .951 - 1.005Foster care .335 .194 .085 1.398 .955 - 2.045Verbal abuse before age 18 .228 .075 .002 1.256 1.085 - 1.455Physical abuse before age 18 .431 .088 .000 1.538 1.295 - 1.826Sexual abuse before age 18 .248 .158 .116 1.252 .940 - 1.747Constant -1.326 .306 .000 .266

CRIMINAL ACTIVITY – SELLING DRUGS MODELSOLD DRUGS Beta Standard Significance Exp (B) Odds Ratio (95% CI) ErrorEver run away .689 .166 .000 1.992 1.438 - 2.761Gender (female) -1.402 .125 .000 .246 .193 - .314Hispanic -.062 .164 .704 .940 .682 - 1.295African American .262 .128 .041 1.300 1.011 - 1.671American Indian .202 .277 .466 1.224 .712 - 2.104Asian -.187 .221 .399 .830 .538 - 1.280Age -.120 .032 .000 .887 .833 - .945Bisexual orientation .718 .328 .028 2.049 1.079 - 3.894Homosexual orientation .162 .377 .668 1.175 .562 - 2.460Born in the US -.006 .022 .790 994 .951 - 1.039Foster care .210 .302 .487 1.234 .682 - 2.231Verbal abuse before age 18 .363 .122 .003 1.437 1.132 - 1.824Physical abuse before age 18 .344 .137 .012 1.411 1.079 - 1.845Sexual abuse before age 18 .532 .218 .015 1.703 1.111 - 2.611Constant -1.304 .488 .008 .271

Long-Term Effects of Running Away

by National Runaway Switchboard on Nov 04, 2011

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Long-Term Effects of Running Away — Presentation Transcript