2. 2
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Steam Basics - Overview
• What is Steam?What is Steam?
• Why is Steam Used?Why is Steam Used?
• How Do We Create Steam?How Do We Create Steam?
• How Do We Identify Steam Properties?How Do We Identify Steam Properties?
2
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
3. 3
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
This Is Not Steam!
• Steam is a vapor
form of water, and
is colorless,
tasteless, and
odorless
4. What is Steam Used For?
Steam is Used to Transfer HeatSteam is Used to Transfer Heat
Energy From One Location toEnergy From One Location to
AnotherAnother
4
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
5. Why Use SteamWhy Use Steam
Steam is an
efficient heat
transfer
medium
Steam is
easily
controlled
We have a lot of
knowledge
concerning
steam
We have already
developed the
equipment and
expertise to design
and install steam
systems for many
different
applications
6. 6
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
How We Create Steam
• Steam is created by adding Heat Energy to water.
• Heat Energy is expressed in Btu’s.
• 1 Btu is the amount of Heat Energy required to
raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1°F.
7. 7
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
How We Create Steam
The Heat Energy required to create steam has two
forms:
Sensible Heat
Latent Heat
8. 8
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Heat Energy – Sensible Heat
• Sensible Heat is the amount of Heat Energy
required to raise the temperature of water from
32°F to the boiling point (saturated liquid) at a given
pressure
– Sensible Heat raises the temperature of the water and
can be sensed with a thermometer
9. 9
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
O PSIG
212° F.
Heat Energy – Sensible HeatHeat Energy – Sensible Heat
1 lb. Water1 lb. Water
HEAT
1 Lb. of Saturated1 Lb. of Saturated WaterWater atat
Atmospheric Pressure ContainsAtmospheric Pressure Contains
180 Btu’s of Sensible Heat180 Btu’s of Sensible Heat
10. 10
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
15 PSIG
HEAT
250 °F.
1 Lb. of Saturated1 Lb. of Saturated WaterWater atat
15 PSIG Contains15 PSIG Contains
218 Btu’s of Sensible Heat218 Btu’s of Sensible Heat
Adding Heat Energy – Sensible HeatAdding Heat Energy – Sensible Heat
11. 11
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Heat Energy – Sensible HeatHeat Energy – Sensible Heat
60 PSIG
HEAT
308 °F.
1 Lb. of Saturated1 Lb. of Saturated WaterWater atat
60 PSIG Contains60 PSIG Contains
277 Btu’s of Sensible Heat277 Btu’s of Sensible Heat
12. 12
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Heat Energy – Latent Heat
• Latent Heat is the amount of Heat Energy required
to transform water at the boiling point (saturated
liquid) to steam
– Adding Latent Heat does not raise the temperature –
saturated liquid and steam have the same temperature
for a given pressure
13. 13
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
O PSIG
212° F.
Adding Heat Energy – Latent HeatAdding Heat Energy – Latent Heat
1 lb. Steam1 lb. Steam
HEAT
1 Lb. of Steam1 Lb. of Steam at Atmosphericat Atmospheric
Pressure ContainsPressure Contains
970 Btu’s of Latent Heat970 Btu’s of Latent Heat
14. 14
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
15 PSIG
HEAT
250 °F.
Adding Heat Energy – Latent HeatAdding Heat Energy – Latent Heat
1 Lb. of Steam1 Lb. of Steam at 15 PSIGat 15 PSIG
Contains 945 Btu’s ofContains 945 Btu’s of
Latent HeatLatent Heat
15. 15
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Adding Heat Energy – Latent HeatAdding Heat Energy – Latent Heat
60 PSIG
HEAT
308 °F.
1 Lb. of Steam1 Lb. of Steam at 60 PSIGat 60 PSIG
Contains 904 Btu’s ofContains 904 Btu’s of
Latent HeatLatent Heat
16. 16
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
What is the Effect of Pressure?
Increased Pressure:
– Decreases the amount of Latent Heat
– Increases the amount of Sensible Heat
17. 17
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
What is the Effect of Pressure?
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Latent
Heat
BTU/lb
Sensible
Heat
BTU/lb
0 psig
15 pig
50 psig
18. 18
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
What Is The Effect Of Pressure?
• Increased Pressure:
– Decreases the Specific Volume
26.8
13.8
5.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1
Specific Volume vs. Pressure
(cu. ft / lb) (psig)
0 PSIG
15 PSIG
60PSIG
19. 19
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
What Is The Effect Of Pressure?
• Increased Pressure:
– Increases the Steam Temperature
212
250
308
0
100
200
300
400
1
Steam Temperature vs. Pressure
(Deg. F) (psig)
0 PSIG
15 PSIG
60PSIG
20. 20
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
The Pressure / Temperature /
Volume Relationship
LatentHeat
SensibleHeat
SpecificVolume
SteamPressure
SteamTemperature
21. 21
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Identifying Steam Properties
Steam Tables
22. 22
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Steam tables allow us to
identify all of the important
properties of steam, given
either the steam temperature or
the steam pressure
23. Example: Steam at 250o
F is at 15 psig, with 945 Btu’s/lb of Latent Heat
Steam at 5 psig is at 228o
F, with 196 Btu’s/lb of Sensible Heat
24. 24
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Now That We’ve Made Steam
What Do We Do With ItWhat Do We Do With It
25. 25
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Since Steam is used to Transfer
Heat Energy From One Location
to Another . . .
26. 26
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
It only makes sense that we takeIt only makes sense that we take
the heat energy back out andthe heat energy back out and
use it to do work.use it to do work.
27. 27
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Removing Latent Heat
Atmospheric Pressure
Btu's
32
180212
970
1150
212
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1 lb. of Steam at 212°F, with a TOTAL HEAT content
of 1150 Btu/lb. – 970 Btu’s of LATENT HEAT
= 1 lb. of boiling water (Saturated Liquid) at 212°F
with a heat content of 180 BTU’s/lb.
28. Remember:
The Latent Heat added at the boiler is what we have
available to do work in our equipment
BUT . . .
When we remove Latent Heat we create Condensate
28
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
29. 29
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Latent Heat can be removedLatent Heat can be removed
intentionally, in a piece of heatintentionally, in a piece of heat
exchange equipment, orexchange equipment, or
unintentionally, fromunintentionally, from radiationradiation
heat loss in pipingheat loss in piping
30. 30
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
What does this Unintentional Heat
Loss Mean to your Steam System?
100 psig
337.9°F
50.3 psig
297.97°F
PRV
Trap
Trap
Trap
Trap
Trap
Trap
Vent
Condensate Steam Vapor
31. 31
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
It Means:
The Steam System is Constantly Being Filled With
Water (Condensate)
32. 32
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
It Means:
Your Steam System is Subject to Corrosion
Subcooled Condensate + CO2
Forms Carbonic Acid
( CO2
+ H2
O = H2
CO3
)
33. 33
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
It Means:
Your Steam System is Subject to Water
Hammer
34. 34
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
It Means:
Your Heat Exchange Equipment is
Less Efficient
35. 35
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
It Means:
Your System Must Be Properly Piped
36. 36
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
It Means:
Your Equipment Must Be Properly TrappedYour Equipment Must Be Properly Trapped
37. 37
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Armstrong Promise
We provide intelligent system solutions that improve
utility performance, lower energy consumption, and
reduce environmental emissions . . . while providing
an “enjoyable experience”!
Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
37
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®
38. 38
“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
