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OPERATING SYSTEM
UNIT – 1 – PART 1
Dr.M.Karthika
Department Of Information Technology/MTNC
Pasumalai,Madurai
WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?
 A program that acts as an intermediary between a
user of a computer and the computer hardware.
 An operating System is a collection of system
programs that together control the operations of a
computer system.
 Some examples of operating systems are UNIX,
Mach, MS-DOS, MS-Windows, Windows/NT,
Chicago, OS/2, MacOS, VMS, MVS, and VM.
OPERATING SYSTEM GOALS
 Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to use.
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
 Hardware – provides basic computing resources
(CPU, memory, I/O devices).
 Operating system – controls and coordinates the
use of the hardware among the various application
programs for the various users.
 Applications programs – Define the ways in
which the system resources are used to solve the
computing problems of the users (compilers,
database systems, video games, business
programs).
 Users (people, machines, other computers).
ABSTRACT VIEW OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS
OPERATING SYSTEM DEFINITIONS
 Resource allocator – manages and allocates
resources.
 Control program – controls the execution of user
programs and operations of I/O devices .
 Kernel – The one program running at all times (all
else being application programs).
COMPONENTS OF OS
OS has two parts. (1)Kernel.(2)Shell.
 Kernel is an active part of an OS i.e., it is the part of OS
running at all times. It is a programs which can interact
with the hardware. Ex: Device driver, dll files, system
files etc.
 Shell is called as the command interpreter. It is a set of
programs used to interact with the application programs.
It is responsible for execution of instructions given to OS
(called commands).
OPERATING SYSTEMS CAN BE EXPLORED
FROM TWO VIEWPOINTS
 User View: From the user’s point view, the OS is
designed for one user to monopolize its resources, to
maximize the work that the user is performing and for
ease of use.
 System View: From the computer's point of view, an
operating system is a control program that manages the
execution of user programs to prevent errors and improper
use of the computer. It is concerned with the operation and
control of I/O devices.
FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM:
 Process Management
 Main-Memory Management
 File Management
 I/O System Management
 Secondary-Storage Management
PROCESS MANAGEMENT
 A process is a program in execution. A process
needs certain resources, including CPU time,
memory, files, and I/O devices, to accomplish its
task.
 The operating system is responsible for the
following activities in connection with process
management.
 ✦ Process creation and deletion.
 ✦ process suspension and resumption.
 ✦ Provision of mechanisms for:
 process synchronization
 process communication
MAIN-MEMORY MANAGEMENT
 Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its
own address. It is a repository of quickly accessible data
shared by the CPU and I/O devices.
 Main memory is a volatile storage device. It loses its
contents in the case of system failure.
 The operating system is responsible for the following
activities in connections with memory management:
 Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being
used and by whom.
 Decide which processes to load when memory space
becomes available.
 Allocate and de-allocate memory space as needed.
FILE MANAGEMENT
 A file is a collection of related information defined by its
creator. Commonly, files represent programs (both
source and object forms) and data.
 The operating system is responsible for the following
activities in connections with file management:
✦ File creation and deletion.
✦ Directory creation and deletion.
✦ Support of primitives for manipulating files and
directories.
✦ Mapping files onto secondary storage.
✦ File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage
media.
I/O SYSTEM MANAGEMENT
 The I/O system consists of:
✦ A buffer-caching system
✦ A general device-driver interface
✦ Drivers for specific hardware devices
SECONDARY-STORAGE MANAGEMENT
 Since main memory (primary storage) is volatile
and too small to accommodate all data and
programs permanently, the computer system must
provide secondary storage to back up main
memory.
 Most modern computer systems use disks as the
principle on-line storage medium, for both programs and
data.
 The operating system is responsible for the following
activities in connection with disk management:
✦ Free space management
✦ Storage allocation
✦ Disk scheduling

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UNIT I - Part 1.pptx

  • 1. OPERATING SYSTEM UNIT – 1 – PART 1 Dr.M.Karthika Department Of Information Technology/MTNC Pasumalai,Madurai
  • 2. WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?  A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware.  An operating System is a collection of system programs that together control the operations of a computer system.  Some examples of operating systems are UNIX, Mach, MS-DOS, MS-Windows, Windows/NT, Chicago, OS/2, MacOS, VMS, MVS, and VM.
  • 3. OPERATING SYSTEM GOALS  Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.  Make the computer system convenient to use.  Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
  • 4. COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS  Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices).  Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application programs for the various users.  Applications programs – Define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users (compilers, database systems, video games, business programs).  Users (people, machines, other computers).
  • 5. ABSTRACT VIEW OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS
  • 6. OPERATING SYSTEM DEFINITIONS  Resource allocator – manages and allocates resources.  Control program – controls the execution of user programs and operations of I/O devices .  Kernel – The one program running at all times (all else being application programs).
  • 7. COMPONENTS OF OS OS has two parts. (1)Kernel.(2)Shell.  Kernel is an active part of an OS i.e., it is the part of OS running at all times. It is a programs which can interact with the hardware. Ex: Device driver, dll files, system files etc.  Shell is called as the command interpreter. It is a set of programs used to interact with the application programs. It is responsible for execution of instructions given to OS (called commands).
  • 8. OPERATING SYSTEMS CAN BE EXPLORED FROM TWO VIEWPOINTS  User View: From the user’s point view, the OS is designed for one user to monopolize its resources, to maximize the work that the user is performing and for ease of use.  System View: From the computer's point of view, an operating system is a control program that manages the execution of user programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer. It is concerned with the operation and control of I/O devices.
  • 9. FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM:  Process Management  Main-Memory Management  File Management  I/O System Management  Secondary-Storage Management
  • 10. PROCESS MANAGEMENT  A process is a program in execution. A process needs certain resources, including CPU time, memory, files, and I/O devices, to accomplish its task.  The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with process management.  ✦ Process creation and deletion.  ✦ process suspension and resumption.  ✦ Provision of mechanisms for:  process synchronization  process communication
  • 11. MAIN-MEMORY MANAGEMENT  Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address. It is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and I/O devices.  Main memory is a volatile storage device. It loses its contents in the case of system failure.  The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections with memory management:  Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom.  Decide which processes to load when memory space becomes available.  Allocate and de-allocate memory space as needed.
  • 12. FILE MANAGEMENT  A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator. Commonly, files represent programs (both source and object forms) and data.  The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections with file management: ✦ File creation and deletion. ✦ Directory creation and deletion. ✦ Support of primitives for manipulating files and directories. ✦ Mapping files onto secondary storage. ✦ File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.
  • 13. I/O SYSTEM MANAGEMENT  The I/O system consists of: ✦ A buffer-caching system ✦ A general device-driver interface ✦ Drivers for specific hardware devices
  • 14. SECONDARY-STORAGE MANAGEMENT  Since main memory (primary storage) is volatile and too small to accommodate all data and programs permanently, the computer system must provide secondary storage to back up main memory.
  • 15.  Most modern computer systems use disks as the principle on-line storage medium, for both programs and data.  The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with disk management: ✦ Free space management ✦ Storage allocation ✦ Disk scheduling